Musc they missed out but said was important

Question 1

Growth plate (epiphyseal plate) location and structure

Answer 1

at the metaphysis between the shaft and head of long bones. Made of hyaluronic acid with embedded chondrocytes

Question 2

growth plate function

Answer 2

allows growth of shaft of long bones, whilst leaving head for articulation

Question 3

Structure of the growth plate (from head of bone to shaft/resting part to growing part)

Answer 3

Reserve zone -> Proliferative zone -> hypertrophic and maturational zone -> zone of provisional ossification/calcification -> zone of ossification within metaphysis

Question 4

Structure of synovial joint

Answer 4

see diagram.
bone with articular cartilage at joint. Encased in synovial membrane forming synovial cavity with synovial fluid. Joint capsule encases everything and ligaments and tendons insert around it to bone via entheses. Bursa may surround joint, also filled with synovial fluid, lie outside joint capsule but surround joint

Question 5

describe and explain stages of bone healing

Answer 5

haematoma and inflammation due to breaking of blood vessels in bone
soft callous = angiogenesis and chondracytes make collagen and proteoglycans
hard callous = chrondracytes ossify forming woven bone
bone remodelling and lamellar bone is formed

Question 6

Types of cells in synovium and what they resemble

Answer 6

Type A = macrophages

Type B = synovial fibroblast

Question 7

Role and prominent features of Type A synovial cells

Answer 7

Resemble macrophages
Phagocytosis and immune response (key in rheumatoid arthritis)
Mitochondria prominent

Question 8

Role and prominent features of Type B synovial cells

Answer 8

Synovial fibroblasts
Secrete hyaluronic acid (non-sulphated GAG in synovial fluid)
Prominent ER

Question 9

Wolff’s law states that…

and results

Answer 9

Bones grow and remodel based on the forces applied to them (in healthy bone)

Compression -> decreased growth
Tension -> increased growth/extension of bone

Question 10

Structure, location and components of articular cartilage

Answer 10

Can be named as ECM with embedded chondrocytes
Mostly made of proteoglycans = aggrecan and collagen = type II
Contains lots of water due to highly branched and highly negatively charged sulphated GAGs. (analogous to sponge)