Muscle

Question 1

epimysium

Answer 1

connective tissue that encloses a muscle group
wraps entire muscle belly

Question 2

perimysium

Answer 2

wraps around a group of fibers called muscle fasicle

thin connective tissue septae from epimysium encloses groups of muscle fibers (fasicles)

Question 3

endomysium

Answer 3

septae within each fascicle
has basement membrane in each muscle fiber

wraps around individual muscle fibers

Question 4

unipennate

Answer 4

looks like half a feather

Many forearm muscles

First and second lumbricals

Question 5

fusiform

Answer 5

fibers basically run parallel to the tendon

low pennation angle results in most of the contractile force been transmitted through the tendon

biceps brachii

Question 6

pennate

Answer 6

fibers oriented obliquely to the tendon

Less of the contractile force is transmitted through the tendon

Pennate muscles tend to produce greater max force, than fusiform muscles of equal volume because pennate muscles can fit more fibers into a given length of muscle

Question 7

Bipennate

Answer 7

Looks like a feather

Dorsal interosseous
rectus femoris

Question 8

Corticospinal tract

Answer 8

neural impulses from the primary motor cortex via this tract

From brain to the alpha motor neuron

Question 9

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 9

Nerve and muscle separated by this narrow space

Acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter is released in this space
-binds to the receptors on cell surface— membrane depolarization, and starts contraction

cholinesterase is it a enzyme that removes acetylcholine from muscle receptors
-Repolarization of cell membrane and relaxation

Question 10

Motor unit

Answer 10

all muscles innervated by a single neuron

Question 11

myasthenia gravis

Answer 11

Affects antibodies

block, alters, or destroys the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

It prevents muscle from contracting

Question 12

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

Answer 12

Weakness of the eye muscles

Changes in facial expressions

Difficulty swallowing

Shortness of breath

Impaired speech, dysarthria

Weakness in the arms, hands, fingers, legs and neck

Question 13

motor endplate

Answer 13

Postsynaptic region of the muscle cell

Question 14

Type one muscle fiber

Answer 14

slow twitch
Postural muscles
elite endurance athletes

small
High in myoglobin
Red

Recruited first, Don’t use a lot of energy

Slow peak to contraction
fatigue resistance

High capillaries
High mitochondria
train 100 reps

Question 15

type 2A muscle fiber

Answer 15

fast
White or pale

FOG
Faster generation of force
Oxidative glycolytic

anaerobic
Moderate mitochondria
low myoglobin
8 to 10 reps 400 m, 800 m

Question 16

type 2X

Answer 16

fast twitch glycolytic FG

Low myoglobin
White fibers
Power, weightlifters, and sprinters
One rep max

Question 17

functional unit of a skeletal muscle

Answer 17

Sarcomere

Question 18

What are arranged in sarcomeres?

Answer 18

Myofibrils

Question 19

sarcomeres contain what

Answer 19

Actinin
Actin
Myosin

Question 20

actinin

Answer 20

major constituent of z band

Question 21

actin

Answer 21

Thin filament

Question 22

Myosin

Answer 22

Thick filament

Question 23

Conduction of electrical signals

Answer 23

sarcoplasmic reticulum to the t tubules (which are intracellular storage of calcium used in muscle contraction)

Question 24

sarcomere

Answer 24

2 z lines and the filaments between them

Question 25

z discs

Answer 25

Protein structures that serve as attachment site for the thin filaments

Question 26

I bands

Answer 26

Region occupied by the thin filaments

Question 27

A bands

Answer 27

Entire length of a thick filaments

Question 28

h zone

Answer 28

Central region of the A band, occupied by thick filaments only

Question 29

m line

Answer 29

Proteins that form the attachment sites for thick filaments

Question 30

Propagation of the action potential is from

Answer 30

the surface into the deep fibers via the transverse T tubules

Question 31

release of calcium in close proximity to the individual myofibrils means

Answer 31

contraction An excitation contraction coupling

Question 32

calcium binds to

Answer 32

Troponin and there is a shift in the troponin tropomyosin complex Which then exposes the myosin binding sites on Actin

Question 33

after myosin binds to the actin site

Answer 33

Therell be a power stroke, resulting in contraction as the actin filaments slide towards each other this process will continue until the action potential ceases

Question 34

Which protein covers the binding site on actin during the resting state of a muscle

Answer 34

Tropomyosin

Question 35

which lab test indicates muscle breakdown?

Answer 35

High CK or CPK Creatine phosphokinase

Question 36

which lab test indicates the problem is immune based

Answer 36

High levels of ANA anti-nuclear antibodies

Question 37

Which lab test indicates rheumatic disease?

Answer 37

Rh factor

Question 38

which lab test indicates there is inflammation

Answer 38

C reactive protein Even in the absence of muscle breakdown

Question 39

Acquired myopathies

Answer 39

Hormonal-thyroid Auto immune- RA myopathy, related to rheumatic joint disease Cancer myopathy- paraneoplastic syndrome produces a NASA weakness called peroneoplastic myopathy Metabolic-diabetes; diabetic myopathy, insulin deficient, or resistant vascular or neural affecting the peripheral nerves

Question 40

Infectious Myositis

Answer 40

rare complicated wounds Pyogenic bacteria Anaerobic bacteria Viruses Protozoa Worms

Question 41

pyogenic bacteria

Answer 41

Infectious myositis Blood-borne to form abscess Staph sepsis

Question 42

anaerobic bacteria

Answer 42

Infectious myositis Necrosis of muscle fascia gas gangrene clostridium perfringens tetanus toxin spastic contractions of muscles

Question 43

Viruses

Answer 43

infectious myositis Myalgia Cell invasion or inflammatory reaction

Question 44

immune myositis

Answer 44

Polymyositis dermatomyositis Systemic lupus erythematosus Sarcoidosis

Question 45

worms

Answer 45

Infectious myositis Trichinella Raw pork Worms, invades muscle

Question 46

polymyositis

Answer 46

immune myositis Limited to muscles pain and muscle weakness Difficulty moving Proximal extremities more involved

Question 47

Dermatomyositis

Answer 47

Immune myositis muscles and skin

Question 48

systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer 48

Immune myositis Deposition of immune complexes

Question 49

Sarcoidosis

Answer 49

immune myositis Formation of granuloma Type four hypersensitivity reaction

Question 50

pathology of polymyositis

Answer 50

chronic inflammation of muscle Lymphocyte in macrophage infiltration Necrosis and loss of muscle fibers in systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis inflammation reaction closer to the vessels

Question 51

lab results for polymyositis

Answer 51

high CK level ANA EMG Myopathic changes Biopsy diagnostic