MUSCLE

Question 1

cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

Answer 1

sarcoplasm

Question 2

a single muscle fiber is coated with a connective tissue called

Answer 2

endomysium

Question 3

specialized elongated cells

Answer 3

muscle fibers

Question 4

two main classification of muscle tissue

Answer 4

striated & smooth muscle

Question 5

this is same with skeletal muscles but restricted to certain portions of the visceral

Answer 5

visceral striated muscles

Question 6

examples of visceral striated muscle

Answer 6

tongue
lumbar part of the diaphragm
pharynx

Question 7

nuclei of skeletal muscle is found where

Answer 7

sarcolemma

Question 8

collection of muscle fiber known as fascicles are coated with a connective tissue known as

Answer 8

perimysium

Question 9

collection of fascicles known as skeletal muscles is coated with

Answer 9

epimysium

Question 10

classification of skeletal muscle fiber depends on

Answer 10

contractile speed
enzymatic velocity
metabolic profile

Question 11

an enzyme capable of breaking down ATP during contraction cycle

Answer 11

Myosin ATPase

Question 12

this requires energy to produce ATP

Answer 12

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 13

oxidative phosphorylation usually happens where

Answer 13

inside the mitochondria

Question 14

known as slow twitch

Answer 14

type 1 fibers

Question 15

type 1 fibers are usually seen where in average humans

Answer 15

back muscles

Question 16

in athletes type 1 fibers are found in

Answer 16

high endurance athletes such as marathon runners

Question 17

type II a fibers are known as

Answer 17

fast oxidative glycolytic fibers

Question 18

type IIa fibers are seen where in average humans

Answer 18

major muscles of the leg

Question 19

in athletes, type IIa fibers are seen in

Answer 19

sprinters
middle distance swimmers
hockey players

Question 20

fatigue prone units

Answer 20

Fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIb)

Question 21

this fiber is only good for fine & rapid movement

Answer 21

Type IIb fibers

Question 22

in average humans where can type IIb fibers be seen

Answer 22

extraocular muscles
muscles in fingers

Question 23

In athletes, Type IIb fibers can be found in high percentage in:

Answer 23

Short distance sprinters
Weightlifters

Question 24

myoglobin can be found in type IIb fibers

Answer 24

False

Question 26

this filament is composed primarily of actin molecules

Answer 26

thin filament

Question 27

a collection of G-actin

Answer 27

F-actin

Question 28

this filament is composed primarily of myosin II molecules

Answer 28

thick filaments

Question 29

this molecula has globular head which contains binding site for actin and ATP, lever arms, and a long tail

Answer 29

myosin II

Question 30

during resting muscle stage, this covers the myosin binding site

Answer 30

tropomyosin

Question 31

state the troponin complex

Answer 31

troponin c troponin i troponin t

Question 32

this troponin binds to actin and inhibits the actin myosin interaction

Answer 32

troponin i

Question 33

this troponin binds to tropomyosin & anchors the troponin complex to the tropomyosin

Answer 33

troponin t

Question 34

this is found at the negative end (-) of the thin filaments and this is usually the one that covers the ends of the thin filaments in order to protect it from easy degradation.

Answer 34

tropomodulin

Question 35

cross striations are due to

Answer 35

organization of myofilaments in the sarcolemma

Question 36

this has a uniform distribution of light

Answer 36

Isotropic band (I-Band)

Question 37

this bisects the I-band

Answer 37

z disc (z line or z domain) zwischenscheibe line

Question 38

this protein is the one that anchors the thin filaments to the Z line

Answer 38

a-actinin

Question 39

this bisects the A band

Answer 39

heller zone (h-zone)

Question 40

this is usually the attachment for the titin molecule

Answer 40

Mittelschiebe line (m line)

Question 41

accessory proteins found within skeletal muscle or myofilaments

Answer 41

a-actinin protein c m-line proteins (myomesin, M-Protein, Obscurin, Creatine Kinase) titin molecule

Question 42

protein that stabilizes the thick filaments along the M-line

Answer 42

Protein C aka. Myosin binding protein c

Question 43

this serve as molecular springs

Answer 43

Titin molecules

Question 44

this is known as the sarcomere

Answer 44

z line

Question 45

The one that maintains or prevents the excessive stretching of the sarcomeres by developing a restoring force

Answer 45

titin

Question 46

functional unit of the myofibrils

Answer 46

sarcomere

Question 47

sarcomere is bound to other sarcomere into the sarcolemma through these accessory proteins

Answer 47

desmin & dystrophin

Question 48

anchors the sarcomere to the sarcolemma and to other sarcomeres

Answer 48

desmin

Question 49

binds F-actin; binds to the thin filaments to the dystroglycan

Answer 49

dystrophin

Question 50

The binding of the dystrophin to the dystroglycan is known as _, which then binds to the extracellular matrix proteins such as: _ & _

Answer 50

dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) laminin & agrin

Question 51

what commences the the actomyosin cross-bridge cycle

Answer 51

the binding of calcium to troponin c

Question 52

step 1 which is also known as the original unbent conformation

Answer 52

rigor conformation

Question 53

during contraction, the filaments shorten. TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 53

FALSE; the sarcomere shortens not the filaments

Question 54

proteins which characterizes the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 54

Ryanodine receptors (RyR1) — the calcium release receptors Calsequestrin Ca2+-activated ATPase Pump

Question 55

located at the middle of those sarcoplasmic reticulum

Answer 55

Transverse tubular system (T system)

Question 56

junction between the nerve fiber and the muscle fiber.

Answer 56

Neuromuscular junction

Question 57

dihydropyridine-sensitive receptors is AKA as

Answer 57

voltage-sensitive proteins

Question 58

this detecs the depolarization in the t-system

Answer 58

dihydropyridine-sensitive receptors

Question 59

these are calcium release receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum which opens via the change conformation of DHPRs

Answer 59

ryanodine receptors

Question 60

the large portion of the sarcoplasmic reticulum bound to the T-system

Answer 60

Terminal cisternae

Question 61

The retrieval of the calcium ions is usually done by the

Answer 61

Ca2+-activated ATPase Pump

Question 62

The exit stage of the calcium ions from the terminal cisternae is the

Answer 62

ryanodine receptors (RyR1).

Question 63

The entry stage of the calcium ions is through

Answer 63

Ca2+-activated ATPase Pump

Question 64

is the contact made by the terminal branches of the axon with the muscle fiber.

Answer 64

Neuromuscular junction

Question 65

breaks down acetylcholine almost immediately to prevent continued stimulation

Answer 65

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 66

Innervation is necessary for muscle cells to maintain their

Answer 66

structural integrity

Question 67

happens when there is no movement of the muscles

Answer 67

Muscle atrophy

Question 68

calcium-binding protein that helps sequester and store calcium within the sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminal cisternae.

Answer 68

calsequestrin

Question 69

sensory nerve endings that has the capability to sense changes in the posture or movement of the body (both inside and outside of the body)

Answer 69

proprioreceptors

Question 70

a collection of different nerve fibers within in the muscle

Answer 70

Nuclear bag fibers

Question 71

The one that sense the information from muscle to the CNS

Answer 71

Afferent II and Ia (sensory) nerve fibers

Question 72

The one that provides, gives, and deliver the message from the CNS to the muscle tissue

Answer 72

Efferent y-S and y-D (motor) nerve fibers

Question 73

Usually if myogenic stem cells will become myoblast if they express _ transcription factor early in embryonic development

Answer 73

MyoD transcription factor

Question 74

Intercalated discs contains:

Answer 74

Fascia adherens Macula adherens

Question 75

are specialized conducting fibers that generate and rapidly transmit the contractile impulse to various parts of the myocardium in a precise sequence

Answer 75

Purkinje fibers

Question 76

specific markers in the blood for myocardial infarction include

Answer 76

myoglobin troponin i or troponin t creatinine kinase aspartate aminotransferase lactate dehydrogenase

Question 77

The most sensitive cardiac marker for MI

Answer 77

troponin i or troponin t

Question 78

cardiac muscle cells undergo cell division.

Answer 78

false

Question 79

thin filaments of smooth muscle contain

Answer 79

Actin Smooth muscle isoform of tropomyosin Two smooth muscle specific proteins: Caldesmon & Calponin

Question 80

Myosin-globulin heads are arranged in a what manner in striated muscle

Answer 80

bipolar manner.

Question 81

smooth muscle myosin molecules are Arranged in what manner

Answer 81

side-polar manner and lacks a bare zone

Question 82

Two intermediate filaments proteins are highly expressed in smooth muscle cells and provides links between the dense bodies, cell cytoskeleton, and the sarcolemma:

Answer 82

desmin vimentin

Question 83

Contraction in smooth muscle is initiated by a variety of impulse:

Answer 83

Mechanical impulses Electrical depolarizations Hormonal or chemical stimuli

Question 84

certain hormones lead to the production of certain molecules that causes the release of calcium. These are:

Answer 84

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) Tyrosine kinase receptors (TKR)

Question 85

Smooth muscle cells also secrete connective tissue matrix which includes

Answer 85

Type III & IV collagen, elastin, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins

Question 86

The isoform of ryanodine receptors (RyR1) in smooth muscle is

Answer 86

inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R)