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Mammalian physiology > Muscle - Lectures 10-11-12 > Flashcards

Muscle - Lectures 10-11-12 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle
- 2 similarities

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. cardiac muscle
  3. smooth muscle
    SIMILARITIES:
    - excitability! membrane potential can be changed
    - all use actin and myosin –> 2 major proteins responsible for contractability
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2
Q

describe each type of skeletal muscles:
- size?
- pattern/striation?
- how many nucleus?
- intercalated disk?
- T-tubules?

A

SKELETAL:
- large fibers
- striped or striated
- multiple nuclei –> advantage = can produce many proteins
- no intercalated disks
- T-tubules
CARDIAC:
- smaller than skeletal, branched
- striations
- 1 nucleus per cell
- cells are joined in series by intercalated disks (to squeeze at the same time)
- T-tubules!
SMOOTH:
- small
- no striations
- 1 nucleus per cell
- no intercalated disks
- no T-tubules

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3
Q

how can there be multiple nuclei in one muscle cell?

A

stem cells during embryonic development form myoblasts (1 nucleus per cell) –> merge together to form myocytes/muscle fibers = many nuclei per cell

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4
Q

what are antagonistic muscles?
- what are the 2 movements?

A
  • move bones in opposite directions
  • flexion moves bones closer together (arm curl)
  • extension moves bones away from each other (push-up)
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5
Q
  • muscle cells are called muscle _______- –> shape (2)
  • what kind of cells differentiate into muscle for growth and repair?
  • amount of muscle cells already decided at birth? what changes?
  • muscle ____A____ –> bundle into _______ which bundle into _______
  • connective tissues hold muscle to bone with _______
A
  • muscle fibers –> long and cylindrical
  • satellite cells/stem cells
  • yes! when you exercise, you change diameter and length BUT stem cells can repair and replace damaged muscles
  • muscle fibers bundle into fascicles which bundle into entire muscle
  • tendon
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6
Q

what are the 3 layers of connective tissue that surround muscle vs fascicles vs myocytes?
- what does the connective tissue provide? (3)

A
  • myocytes surrounded by endomysium
  • fascicles surrounded by perimysium
  • entire muscle surrounded by epimysium
  • fluid, blood, nerves
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7
Q

Z-line vs M-line vs A band vs I-band vs H-zone
- dark or light?

A
  • Z line/Z-disk: separates each sarcomere (btw 2 actins of different sarcomeres)
  • M-line: middle of myosin
  • A-band: entire length of myosin, has some overlap with actin –> dArk
  • I-band: only covers actin (from 2 sarcomeres ish) –> light!
  • H-zone: only myosin! bit lighter than A band
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8
Q

what is a sarcomere?

A

functional unit of muscle

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9
Q

muscle fiber anatomy:
- sarcolemma?
- sarcoplasm?
- sarcoplasmic reticulum? describe structure + function?

A
  • sarcolemma: cell membrane
  • sarcoplasm: cytoplasm
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum: endoplasmic reticulum: longitudinal tubes with enlarged ends called terminal cisternae
  • concentrates and sequesters Ca2+
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10
Q

What are t-tubules?
- what forms a triad?
- function?

A
  • continuous with the sarcolemma, invaginations of the sarcolemma that allows action potentials to get closer to SR
  • t-tubule + 2 flanking terminal cisternae = triad
  • allow AP to penetrate nearer to the internal structures of the fiber
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11
Q

muscle fibers also contain
1. all sarcomeres linked together
2. energy source
3. powerhouse

A
  1. myofibrils
  2. glycogen granules
  3. mitochondria
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12
Q
  • thin filament = which protein?
  • thick filament = which protein? heavy vs light chains
  • regulatory proteins (2)
  • accessory proteins (2)
  • crossbridges
A
  • thin = actin –> each can interact with 3 myosin
  • thick = myosin –> each can interact with 6 actin: heavy chains = motor domain = myosin ATPase VS light chains = regulatory fcts
  • reg proteins: tropomyosin and troponin
  • acces: titin and nebulin
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13
Q

myosin heads contain 3 parts

A
  1. actin binding site
  2. ATP or ADP/P+ binding site
  3. ATPase enzyme –> break down ATP into ADP + P
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14
Q

what are the 3 subunits of troponin?
- when troponin binds with ____ –> 2 things happen
- repeated as long as what?

A
  1. troponin I –> binds with actin
  2. troponin C –> binds with Ca2+
  3. troponin T –> binds with tropomyosin
    - when troponin C binds with Ca2+ released by SR (from terminal cisternae), troponin pulls tropomyosin from myosin-binding sites of actin –> myosin binds tightly to and moves actin
    - repeated as long as binding sites are uncovered and ATP is available
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15
Q

what is the important component of actin?
- actins are all linked together by _______

A
  • myosin binding site! binds with myosin head and forms crossbridge
  • myosin binding site usually covered by tropomyosin when not a lot of calcium
  • linked together by tropomyosin ish (which covers myosin binding sites)
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16
Q

when myosin binds with actin, myosin heads move towards _______ –> sarcomere becomes longer/shorter
- A-band, H-zone, I band stay the same lengths?

A
  • M-line –> sarcomere becomes shorter
  • A band stays same
  • I band and H-zone become shorter
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17
Q
  • titan spans distance from _______ to the neighbouring ________
  • nebulin attaches to a _______ but does not extend to the ________
  • role of titn?
A
  • from Z-disk to M-line (ie half a sarcomere)
  • Z-disk but doesn’t extend to M-line
  • titin provides elasticity and stabilizes myosin
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18
Q
  • muscle tension = what?
  • load = what?
  • contraction = what?
  • relaxation = what?
A
  • muscle tension = force created by muscle
  • load = weight or force opposing contraction
  • contraction = creation of tension in muscle
  • relaxation = release of tension
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19
Q

5 major steps leading up to skeletal muscle contraction

A
  1. events at the neuromuscular junction
  2. excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling
  3. Ca2+ signal
  4. contraction-relaxation cycle
  5. muscle twitch + sliding filament theory
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20
Q

do length or thick and thin filament change during contraction? –> what is this theory called?

A
  • no!
  • sliding filament theory of contraction –> overlapping actin and myosin fibrils
  • fibrils are fixed length
  • slide past each other in energy-dependant process
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21
Q
  • what is a powerstroke?
  • what happens at the end of a powerstroke (2)
A
  • myosin crossbrige swivels and pulls actin toward M-line
    1. myosin releases actin and resets and binds another actin
    2. heads are not released in unison
  • then powerstroke is repeated many times
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22
Q

rigor state vs rigor mortis

A
  • rigor state = occurs when no ATP or ADP are bound to myosin –> very brief
  • rigot mortis: muscle freezes if no ATP is available to release myosin
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23
Q

Start: rigor state where myosin is tightly bound to ______ after a ______ _______ (needs what to detach?)
1. ATP binds and myosin ________ –> ATP increases/decreases myosin affinity to actin
2. _______ of ATP provides energy for myosin head to do what?
- how is energy provided?
3. ______ _______
- begins in response to ____ binding ______
- release of ____ allows head to swivel, pulling ____ toward ______
4. myosin releases ____ –> makes room for next ____
*CHECK SCHÉMA!

A

start: myosin bound to actin after a power stroke (needs ATP to detach!)
1. ATP binds to ATP binding site on myosin head and myosin detaches –> ATP decreases myosin affinity to actin
2. hydrolysis of ATP provides E for myosin head to rotate and weakly bind to actin
- E is provided by myosin ATPase that breaks down ATP into ADP and Pi
3. Power stroke
- to Ca2+ binding to troponin
- release of Pi allows head to pull actin towards M-line
4. myosin releases ADP –> makes room for next ATP

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24
Q

explain steps from neuron to contraction of muscle to relaxation (10 steps)

A
  1. somatic motor neuron releases Ach at neuromuscular junction
  2. ACh binds to Nm receptor –> opens Na+ channels –> depolarization -> EPP –> Action potential into T-tubules!
  3. AP in T-tubules alters conformation of DHP (L-type Ca2+ channel) receptor (voltage gated channel)
  4. DHP receptor opens RYR (Ca2+ channel on SR) in SR and Ca2+ from SR is released and enters cytoplasm
  5. Ca2+ binds to troponin C + expose myosin binding site
  6. myosin heads execute power stroke
  7. actin filament slides toward center of sarcomere
  8. sarcoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase pumps Ca2+ back into SR
  9. decrease in [Ca2+] in cytosol causes Ca2+ to unbind from troponin
  10. tropomyosin recovers binding site. when myosin heads release, elastic elements pull filaments back to their relaxed position
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25
Q

Timing of Excitation-Contraction coupling –> 3 steps

A
  1. motor neuron AP –> releases ACh –> binds Nm –> induces 2
  2. muscle fiber action potential –> Ca2+ released –> induces 3
  3. development of tension during 1 muscle twitch (latent period + contraction phase + relaxation phase)
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26
Q

skeletal muscle contraction requires a steady supply of ____
- what breakdown produces short burst of energy? using what enzyme?
- ________ are the most rapid and efficient store of energy?

A
  • ATP!
  • phosphocreatine breakdown –> creatine kinase
  • carbohydrates (glucose)
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27
Q
  1. anaerobic glycolysis produces (2)
    - quick or slow?
    - oxygen required?
    - quantity of energy released?
  2. aerobic respiration (biochemistry pathways (2))
    - quick or slow?
    - oxygen required?
    - quantity of energy released?
A
  1. anaerobic glycolysis produces lactate and acid
    - quick!
    - no oxygen
    - small amount of E released
  2. aerobic respiration (TCA cycle + ETC)
    - slow
    - oxygen required
    - large amount of E released
28
Q

what are the 3 types of skeletal muscles?

A
  • slow-twich fibers (ST or type 1)
  • fast twitch oxidative-glycolytic fiber fibers (FOG or type IIA)
  • fast twitch glycolytic fibers (FG or type IIB/X)
29
Q

SLOW TWITCH FIBERS:
- rely primarily on what?
- ie what type of activity?
- increase (3)
FAST TWITCH FIBERS:
- does 3 things faster
- 2 types? difference?

A

SLOW TWITCH FIBERS:
- oxidative phosphorylation
- marathon running
- increases mitochondria, myoglobin and blood vessels/capillaries to muscle
FAST TWITCH FIBERS:
- develop tension faster + split ATP more rapidly + pumps Ca2+ into sarcoplasmic reticulum more rapidly
- oxidative-glycolytic –> uses oxidative AND glycolytic metabolism (ie weightlifting)
- glycolytic fiber –> relies primarily on anaerobic glycolysis

30
Q

oxidative fibers have more _________ –> why?

A
  • myoglobin!
  • because myoglobin binds oxygen in muscle so it is readily available for aerobic processes
31
Q

how to visually differentiate slow twitch vs fast twitch?

A
  • slow twitch oxidative has large amounts of red myoglobin, numerous mitochondria + extensive capillary blood supply
  • fast twitch: larger diameter, pale color, easily fatigued
32
Q

what affects tension in muscle?
- sarcomeres contract with optimum force if it is at optimum _________ before contraction begins
- tension generated directly proportional to number of __________

A
  • resting fiber length!
  • optimum force at optimum length
  • tension proportional to number of crossbridges!
33
Q

force of contraction increases with _____A____ –> what is ____A_____
- what is tetanus?

A
  • with summation!
  • summation = stronger contraction when the muscle does not relax completely btw action potentials
  • tetanus = maximal contraction
34
Q

what is a motor unit? small or big? examples
- contraction depends on the ______ and _________ of motor units –> explain (2)

A
  • motor unit = one motor neuron and its muscle fibers
  • can be small (ie eyelids) = good control, or big (ie back muscle) = less precise
  • depends on type and number of motor units
    1. recruitment of additional motor units increases contraction force (increase load = increase motor units mobilized)
    2. asynchronous recruitment of motor units helps avoid fatigue (ie not all leg muscles are contracted when standing to avoid fatigue)
35
Q

length-tension relationship:
- very big overlap between thick and thin filament = what?
- almost no overlap btw thick and thin = what?
- optimal resting length = what?

A
  • BIG overlap = less tension
  • NO overlap = no crossbridges can be formed = no contraction
  • optimal length = maximum force
36
Q

can AP have summations? can graded potentials have summations? can contractions have summations? + explain!
- 1 EPP = 1 what?

A
  • AP –> no
  • graded potential –> yes! spatial and temporal
  • contractions –> yes! stimuli closer together do not allow muscle to relax fully
  • 1 EPP = 1 contraction/twitch/power stroke
37
Q

summation leading to unfused tetanus VS leading to complete tetanus

A
  • unfused: stimuli are far enough apart to allow muscle to relax slightly between stimuli
  • complete tetanus: muscle reaches steady tension = complete tetanus –> if muscle fatigues, tension decreases rapidly
38
Q

isotonic contractions vs isometric contractions?
- what stays the same?
- 2 types of isotonic contractions
- what allows isometric contractions?

A

ISOTONIC contractions move loads!
- muscle force stays the same ish
- concentric action = shortening action
- eccentric action = lengthening action
ISOMETRIC contractions create force without movement –> load does NOT move –> tetanus below the force required to move load
- muscle length stays the same
- sarcomeres shorten while elastic elements (ie tendons) stretch, resulting in little change in overall length

39
Q
  • in an isometric contraction, sarcomeres lengthen/shorten, generating ______, but elastic elements ________, allowing muscle length to ________ _________
  • in isotonic contractions, sarcomeres lengthen/shorten more, but because elastic elements are ________ _______, the muscles _______
A
  • isometric –> sarcomeres shorten, generating force, but elastic elements stretch, allow muscle length to remain the same
  • isotonic –> sarcomeres shorten more –> elastic elements are already stretched –> muscle shortens
40
Q

bones and muscles around joints form ___A___ and _______
- what is a ____A______
- what forms ____A____ and what forms _____B_____

A
  • form levers and fulcrums
  • lever = rigid bar that pivots around a point called a fulcrum
  • bones = lever
  • flexible joints = fulcrums
41
Q

human forearms = lever
- what is the fulcrum?
- what is the lever?
- where is the applied force?
- where is the load?

A
  • fulcrum = elbow joint
  • lever = forearm bone
  • applied force = bicep attached to forearm bone
  • load = in your hand/ gravity acting on mass of forearm and hand
42
Q

to lift up a 2 kg book using your bicep (bicep curl), is more than 2kg of bicep force needed?
- what is advantageous of the human body?

A
  • yes! 6kg!
  • small movement of the biceps becomes a much larger movement of the hand! –> biceps contracts and shortens 1 cm, hand moves upward 5 cm!
43
Q

Golgi tendon organs (GTO)
- where are they found (2)
- composed of what?

A
  • found in junction of tendons and muscle fibers (so between tendons and muscle fibers)
  • composed of free nerve endings that wind between collagen fibers inside connective tissue capsule
44
Q

what is the role of golgi tendon organs?
- how does it do it? (4)

A
  • goal = prevents too much contraction of muscle
  • when a muscle contracts, its tendons act as a series elastic element during isometric phase –> activates GTO –> GTO sends sensory info to CNS/spinal cord –> spinal cord sends back signal to muscle to decrease muscle contraction
45
Q
  • what are muscle spindles?
  • muscle spindle capsule encloses a group of what? known as what?
  • innervation of muscle spindles from what neurons?
A
  • muscle spindles = stretch receptors that encode signals about muscle length and changes in muscle length
  • group of small muscle fibers known as intrafusal fibers
  • from gamma moror neurons
46
Q

what is alpha-gamma coactivation?
- def
- 3 steps
- result

A
  • simultaneous activation of alpha and gamma motor neurons
    1. alpha motor neurons fire, innervates extrafusal muscle fibers = muscle shortens, tension released
    2. gamma motor neurons fire, intrafusal fibers contract, maintains stretch —> sends info to spinal cord/CNS
    3. spinal cords sends back signal to contract extrafusal fibers but not TOO much stretching
  • result: spindle remains active
47
Q

what is the role of muscle spindles vs golgi tendon organs?

A
  • muscle spindles: prevents too much stretching
  • GTO: prevents too much contraction
48
Q

why do intrafusal fibers contract if they cannot generate force?

A

because they keep muscle fibers sensitive to stretch! to prevent too much stretching!

49
Q

3 different ways to classify smooth muscles
1. by location (6)
2. by contraction pattern: 2 types + examples
3. by their communication with neighboring cells (2 types)

A
  1. vascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, respiratory, reproductive, ocular
  2. phasic smooth muscles –> alternate contraction and relaxation (mostly GI tract)
    VS tonic smooth muscles –> always a bit of contraction (esophageal and urinary bladder sphincters + blood vessels)
  3. single-unit smooth muscle or unitary smooth muscle or visceral smooth musche –> around empty cavities + contract together! function as 1 unit through gap junctions!
    VS multiunit smooth muscles –> each muscle cell receive different neuron signals
50
Q

do multi-unit smooth muscle cells have gap junctions?
- how are they stimulated?

A
  • no!
  • stimulated independently through neurotransmitters released by caricosities
51
Q

smooth vs skeletal vs heart muscle –> which has fastest/slowest muscle twitch duration?
- how fast depends on (2)

A
  • skeletal = fastest (less than 0.5sec)
  • cardiac = middle (1 sec)
  • smooth = really slow! (5 sec) –> slow contraction AND slow relaxation!
    1. ATPase (actin-myosin dissociation)
    2. amount of Ca2+ –> how fast it can go in/out
52
Q

smooth muscles lack _________
ACTIN:
- ratio with myosin?
- associated with _______ but not _________
MYOSIN:
- filaments are _________
- myosin heads along what?
SR:
- amount of SR _______ and is more/less organized
- no _________ but has _________

A
  • sarcomeres!
    ACTIN:
  • 10-15 actin for 1 myosin (vs 6 actin per myosin for skeletal)
  • with tropomyosin (blocks myosin binding site) but not troponin
    MYOSIN:
  • longer!
  • entire surface of filament covered with myosin heads
    SR:
  • amount varies and is less organized
  • no t-tubules but has caveolae (indentation in plasma membrane, has lots of Ca2+)
53
Q

how do smooth muscles hold integrity if no sarcomeres?

A

have an extensive cytoskeleton –> intermediate filaments and dense bodies

54
Q

do smooth muscles have a z-line? where do actins attach?

A

no z-line
- actins attach to dense bodies which links to plasma membrane

55
Q

explain contraction of smooth muscle (5 steps)

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system –> AP opens Ca2+ channels on plasma membrane
  2. increase in cytosolic Ca2+ initiates contraction (Ca2+ comes from SR and extracellular fluid)
  3. Ca2+ binds calmodulin
  4. Ca2+-calmodulin activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) –> MLCK phosphorylates Myosin light chain which enhances myosin ATPase activity (myosin become active)
  5. phosphorylated MLC can remove tropomyosin –> myosin can bind actin and induce contraction = increase muscle tension
56
Q

Explain relaxation in smooth muscle (10)

A
  1. free Ca2+ in cytolsol decreases when Ca2+ is pumped out of cell or back into SR
  2. Ca2+ unbinds from calmodulin. MLCK activity decreases
  3. myosin phosphatase/myosin light chain phosphorylase (MLCP) removes phosphate from myosin light chains, which decreases myosin ATPase activity –> dephosphorylated myosin may remain attached to actin for a period of time during latch state
  4. less myosin ATPase activity results in decreased muscle tension = relaxation
57
Q

what controls Ca2+ sensivity in smooth muscle contraction?
- low vs high = sensitize or desensitizes myosin?

A

myosin light chain phosphorylase (MLCP) (same as phosphatase)
- low phosphatase activity sensitizes myosin –> needs less calcium to generate force
- high phosphatase activity desensitizes myosin –> needs more calcium to generate force

58
Q

what is calmodulin?

A

a calcium binding protein that binds to calcium and activates myosin light chain kinase

59
Q

4 channels to release sarcoplasmic Ca2+

A
  1. ryanodine receptor (RyR) calcium release channel
  2. IP3 - receptor channel
  3. calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) –> Ca from outside cell can induce Ca release from SR
  4. store-operated Ca2+ channels (on plasma membrane)
60
Q

electromechanical coupling vs pharmacomechanical coupling

A
  • electromechanical coupling –> contraction caused by electrical signaling
  • pharmacomechanical coupling –> contraction caused by chemical signaling
61
Q

3 ways for calcium to enter cell membrane (from extracellular fluid)

A
  1. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (opens when AP from ANS comes)
  2. ligand gated Ca2+ channels (opens when hormones come) or receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCC)
  3. stretch activated calcium channels –> open when pressure or other force distorts cell membrane (ie blood vessel stretching) –> myogenic contraction
62
Q

what are 2 types of unstable membrane potentials?

A
  1. slow wave potential –> not stable resting membrane potential –> once it reaches threshold, activates AP
  2. pacemakker potentials: unstable but will always reach threshold and induce AP (mostly in cardiac muscle)
63
Q

where does the extra Ca2+ go after contraction?
- consequence? (3 steps)

A
  • goes back to extracellular fluid (and not SR)
  • SO we need to replenish depleted Ca2+ stores of SR –> use store-operated Ca2+ channels that are on plasma membrane –> will increase Ca2+ entry from ECF and replenish SR
64
Q
  • 2 similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscle (shape/structure)
  • 3 differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle
A

SIMILARITIES:
- striated
- sarcomere structure
DIFFERENCES:
- cardiac muscle fibers are shorter
- cardiac muscles may be branched
- cardiac muscle have single nucleus

65
Q
  • 3 similarities btw cardiac and smooth muscles (function/properties)
  • 1 difference
A

SIMILARITIES:
- electrically linked to one another (just like single unit smooth muscles –> gap junctions!
- some exhibit pacemaker potentials
- under sympathetic and parasympathetic control as well as hormone control
DIFFERENCES:
- cardiac muscle: gap junctions in intercalated disks!

66
Q

desmosome vs gap junction vs intercalated disk?

A
  • desmosome = connecting junction –> links 2 cells together, allows some flow of (nutrients/water?) between cells
  • gap junction: forms channel between 2 muscle cells to electrical signal can quickly move between cells
  • intercalated disk –> junction between 2 cells –> contains desmosome and gap junctions!
67
Q

excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac contractile cells (7 steps)

A
  1. AP in cardiac contractile cell –> travels down T-tubules
  2. entry of small amount of Ca2+ from ECF through L-type Ca2+ channels –> induces release of large amount of Ca2+ from SR through ryanodine Ca2+ release channels
  3. increase cytosolic Ca2+
  4. troponin-tropomyosin complex in thin filaments pulled aside
  5. cross-bridge cycling between thick and thin filaments
  6. thin filaments slide inwards between thick filaments
  7. contraction

Mammalian physiology (13 decks)

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