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Mammalian physiology > Nervous system - Lectures 4-5 > Flashcards

Nervous system - Lectures 4-5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary brain vesicles during embryonic development?

A
  1. prosencephalon (forebrain)
  2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
  3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
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2
Q

which of the 3 primary brain besicles basically stays the same during the entire embryonic development?
- function?

A

mesencephalon –> becomes midbrain
- links forebrain and hindbrain

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3
Q

what does prosencephalon develops into? (2) –> and then 5 parts ish + functions

A

prosencephalon –> telencephalon & diencephalon
- telencephalon –> cerebrum = biggest part of brain (L and R hemisphere) –> coordination, memory, emotions = highest integration part
- diencephalon –> eye cup + thalamus (somatosensory + special sensory), hypothalamus (ANS, endocrine), epithalamus (pineal gland = melatonin)

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4
Q

what does rhombencephalon develops into?

A

rhombencephalon –> metencephalon + myelencephalon
- metencephalon –> pons (controls basic function of body: breathing, heartbeat, respiration) + cerebellum (behind the pons, kinda like 2nd brain)
- myelencephalon –> medulla oblongata

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5
Q

what 3 parts form the brain stem?

A

pons, midbrain and medulla oblongata

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6
Q

Gray matter (where + 3 charac) vs white matter (2 charac ish)

A

GRAY:
- cortex and nuclei in CNS
- unmyelinated nerve cell bodies
- dendrites
- axon terminals
WHITE:
- myelinated axons
- axon bundles connecting CNS regions are tracts (vs nerves in PNS) –> contain very few cell bodies

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7
Q

what is gyri, sulci and fissure?

A
  • gyri (gyrus) = folds of brain –> allows to increase surface area
  • sulci (sulcus) = gaps
  • fissure: large sulcus between gyri –> helps us separate brain into parts
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8
Q

4 ways to protect the brain

A
  1. skull
  2. cranial meninges
  3. cerebrospinal fluid
  4. blood-brain barrier
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9
Q
  • brain is encased in bony ______ or ________
  • spinal cord runs through __________ ___________
  • meninges lie between _______ and _______ to stabilize neural tissue and protect from __________
A
  • skull or cranium
  • vertebral column
  • bone and tissues, protect from bruising
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10
Q

3 meninges + characteristics

A
  1. dura mater –> thick and tough, 2 layers ish merged together –> if open, forms cavity (venous sinus)
  2. arachnoid membrane –> spider web type membrane –> sits on 1 layer of connective tissue + blocks water
    *Sub arachnoid space (btw arachnoid and pia mater) contains the cerebral spinal fluid in ventricules
  3. pia mater: collé au brain tissue
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11
Q

how do the meninges protect brain (3)

A
  1. prevents brain from touching skull
  2. holds cerebrospinal fluid in
  3. stabilizes blood supply to and from brain
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12
Q

CSF:
- what is it?
- produced by what? (2)
- material selectively moves form _______ to _________
- water follows due to ______ ________

A
  • salty solution similar to plasm
  • produced by choroid plexus in ventricules
  • moves from plasma to ventricules
  • due to osmotic gradient
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13
Q
  • CSF surrounds entire ________
  • contained within ______A________ space
  • flows from ________ to _____A_____ space to return to _______ by ______
A
  • brain
  • subarachnoid space
  • ventricles to subarachnoid space to return to plasma by villi
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14
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid function in ______ and ______ protection

A

physical and chemical

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15
Q

how many main ventricles in brains?
- in which part of the brain are they in?

A
  • lateral ventricles (2) in cerebrum
  • third ventricle in diencephalon
    (cerebral aqueduct in midbrain)
  • 4th ventricle in hindbrain
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16
Q
  • what is choroid plexus?
  • how is CSF produced in the choroid plexus? (3 ish)
A
  • network of blood vessels in each ventricles in the brain
  • ependymal cells (type of glial cells) produce CSF using the liquid from capillaries –> secretes liquid into ventricles which becomes CSF
  • CSF goes down canal and around the meninges
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17
Q

how is CSF reabsorbed in the blood?

A

CSF reabsorbed at fingerlike projections of arachnoid membrane called villi
- 2 layers of dura mater –> space in between called veinous sinus (2) where arachnoid membrane protrudes out and forms a villus

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18
Q

flow of CSF from lateral ventricle to subarachnoid space (3 steps)

A
  1. lateral ventricle –> third ventricle (passes a foramen/hole)
  2. third ventricle –> fourth ventricle (passes through cerebral aqueduct)
  3. fourth ventricle –> subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord (passes 2 foramen)
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19
Q

3 roles of CSF

A
  1. cushions and insulates delicate nervous tissue (ie put tofu in water so it won’t break)
  2. gives buoyancy to the brain (floats in CSF) –> apparent weight of 0.5kg instead of 1.5kg
  3. exchange of gases (O2 and CO2), nutrients and wastes (with interstitial fluid)
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20
Q

Blood-brain barrier
- highly __________ permeability of brain _________
- __________ foot processes promote ______ junctions between __________ cells
- protects brain from __________ water soluble compounds and __________
- small __________-soluble molecules cross BBB

A
  • selective permeability of brain capillaries
  • astrocytes –> tight junctions between endothelial cells (IMPORTANT! vs usually there is space btw endothelial cells –> pressure difference and bulk flow)
  • toxic and pathogens
  • lipid-soluble
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21
Q

3 types of cells super important for BBB + explain

A
  1. astrocyte endfoot (type of glial cells) –> send signals for endothelial cells to make tight junctions
  2. pericyte (not a glial cell) –> kinda like endfoot: sends signal for endothelial cells to make tight junctions
  3. endothelial cells make tight junction
    (cells sit on basement membrane)
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22
Q

neural tissues has special metabolic requirements:
- neurons need a constant supply of ______A____ and _________
- brain receives ___% of blood pumped by heart
- ____A_____ passes freely/doesn’t pass across BBB

A
  • oxygen and glucose!
  • 15%
  • oxygen passes freely
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23
Q

Glucose in brain:
- what moves it from plasma into brain interstitial fluid?
- brain responsible for how much of body’s glucose consumption?
- progressive hypoglycemia leads to (3)

A
  • membrane transporters (glucose transporter 3)
  • half!
  • confusion, unconsciousness and death
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24
Q

spinal nerve branches into which 2 roots? + characteristics

A
  1. dorsal root
    - contain afferent/sensory nuclei
    - afferent neuron connect with interneurons into dorsal horns
  2. ventral roots
    - carry motor information from CNS to muscles and glands
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25
Q

how many pairs of spinal vs cranial nerves?

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves
    *Nerves = axons in PNS
26
Q

Gray matter in spinal cord:
- dorsal vs lateral vs ventral horns contain what type of of nuclei?

A
  • dorsal (back): visceral and somatic sensory nuclei
  • lateral: visceral motor nuclei (sends signal to internal organs)
  • ventral (front): somatic motor nuclei (to motor neurons)
27
Q

white matter in spinal cord:
- divided into columns of ____A____
- ascending ___A_____ take ________ info to the brain
- descending ____A____ carry ________ signals from the brain
- ________ ____A____ stay in the cord (vs spinothalamic ____A____ go from spine to thalamus)

A
  • tracts!
  • ascending tracts take sensory info to brain
  • descending tracts carry motor signals from brain
  • propriospinal tracts
28
Q

white/grey matter outside/inside for cerebrum vs spinal cord?

A

Cerebrum:
- cortex/outside = grey
- inside = white
Spinal cord:
- outside = white
- inside = grey

29
Q

which region in brain is associated with body part (Dr. Penfield’s work on homunculus)?

A

primary somatic sensory cortex

30
Q

brain stem is the ________ part of brain
- contains (3)

A

oldest
- contains pons, midbrain and medulla

31
Q

cranial nerves can include ________ fibres, ________ fibres or both (________ nerve)
- many nuclei are associated with ________ formation (control 4)

A
  • sensory fibres, efferent fibres or both (mixed nerves)
  • reticular formation (in brain stem)–> controls wakefulness, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation
32
Q

2 things to remember for cranial nerves
1. most start from where?
2. which one do we have to remember?

A
  1. most start from the brain stem (2nd to 12th)
  2. Cranial nerve X (10) –> vagus, type mixed –> primary function = sensory and efferents to many internal organs, muscles and glands)
33
Q

function of medulla oblongata?
medulla also includes (3)

A

controls involuntary functions: blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting
- somatosensory and corticospinal tracts + pyramids

34
Q

what are pyramids?

A
  • fibre carrying voluntary motor message from cerebrum to spinal cord
  • where signals switch from L brain to R side of body and vice versa!
35
Q

funtions of pons and midbrain

A

Pons:
- relay station
- coordinates control of breathing
Midbrain:
- eye movement
- relay signals for hearing and seeing reflex

36
Q

Reticular formation contains lots of __________ –> which sends signals to different parts of upper brain
- reticular formation = group of _______ sending signal from _______ to _________

A
  • nuclei
  • neuron sending signal from inside to outside (?) not sure
37
Q

2nd largest structure in brain?
- also called ?
- functions (5)
- sensitive to __________

A
  • cerebellum
  • little brain
    1. process sensory information
    2. coordinate execution of movement
    3. equilibrium and balance (sensory) from somatic receptors
    4. motor input from cerebrum
    5. related to proprioception
  • sensitive to alcohol
38
Q

diencephalon contains (3 ish) + functions
1. (2 fcts)
2. (3 fcts)
3. (2 parts)

A
  1. thalamus:
    - relay station integrating center
    - coordinates all sensory except smelling
  2. hypothalamus
    - control of homeostasis
    - center of behavioural drives (hunger, thirst)
    - influences autonomic function and endocrine function
  3. endocrine structures
    - pituitary gland: anterior vs posterior
    - pineal gland –> produces melatonin
39
Q

How can hypothalamus control well homeostasis?

A

no blood-brain barrier –> more sensitive to what’s going on outside!

40
Q

Functions of hypothalamus (5 ish)

A
  • control homeostasis
  • activates sympathetic nervous system
  • maintains body temp + osmolarity
  • controls food intake
  • interacts with limbic system
  • …
41
Q

Cerebrum (cerebroooom)
- is the site of ________ brain functions
- consists of (what? (2)) connected by what
- 2 types of matters –> inside (what consists?) or outside?
- outside matter contains (2)

A
  • higher brain functions
  • 2 hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
  • grey (cortex = outside) and white matter –> mostly found on interior
  • white: bundles of fibers connecting different regions of brain
    GREY:
  • basal ganglia: control of movement
  • Limbic system: link btw cognitive functions and emotions –> actually under the cerebral cortex
42
Q

3 parts of the limbic system + what do they regulate?

A
  • cingulate gyrus: emotion
  • hippocampus: learning and memory
  • amygdala: emotion and memory
43
Q

basal ganglia
- 1 region?
- newer name?
- what does it do?

A
  • 3 parts in each hemisphere
  • basal nuclei (bc cell bodies in central nervous system VS ganglion)
  • fine tune motor movement –> decides if initial signal coming from cortex is good –> if yes, sends to thalamus (?)
44
Q

does the gray matter in cerebral cortex contain different layers?

A

yes!

45
Q

what are the 4 lobes in cerebral cortex? + areas in each lobe

A
  1. Frontal lobe: controls movement
    - primary motor cortex (skeletal muscle mvt)
    - motor association area (skeletal muscle mvt)
    - prefrontal association area
  2. Parietal lobe:
    - Primary somatic sensory cortex
    - sensory association area
  3. Occipital lobe:
    - Visual cortex
    - Visual association area
  4. Temporal lobe:
    - Olfactory cortex (smell)
    - Auditory cortex (Hearing)
    - auditory association area (hearing)
    * gustatory cortex (taste) underneath cerebral cortex
46
Q

difference between primary (smtg) cortex and its association area? vs prefrontal association area

A
  • if you stimulate specific region in primary cortex, makes specific mvt/sensory = lower level
  • association area: higher level –> can integrate more
    *prefrontal association area: highest level of integration –> can integrate action from different lobes
47
Q

Brain function:
1. sensory system (2)
2. cognitive system (1)
3. behavioral state system (1)

A
  1. monitors internal and external environments + initiates reflex response
  2. initiates voluntary responses –> planning, preparation and production of our own actions (ie can walk even if there’s no stimulus)
  3. governs sleep-wake cycles and other intrinnsic behaviors (breeding during seasons for animals)
48
Q

3 functional areas in cerebral cortex
1. sensory areas (1)
2. motor areas (1)
3. association areas (2)

A
  1. sensory input translated into perception (awareness)
  2. direct skeletal muscle movement
  3. integrate information from sensory and motor areas + can direct voluntary behaviors
49
Q

what is cerebral lateralization?

A

each hemisphere has its specialties ish (writing, math, language on L –> controls the right ish VS artistic, touch on R –> controls the L ish)
- corpus callosum links between the 2 hemispheres

50
Q

what are the 3 major types of outputs from motor system of CNS?

A
  1. skeletal muscle movement (somatic motor division)
  2. neuroendocrine signals
  3. visceral responses (autonomic division –> heart, lung, stomach)
    * 2 and 3 are involuntary + coordinated in the hypothalamus and adrenal medulla (brain stem)
51
Q

what state system MODULATES motor output? explain

A
  • behavioral state system!
  • modulator (increase or decrease sensation) of sensory and cognitive processes
  • neurons collectively known as diffuse modulatory systems (originate from reticular formation in brain stem –> projects axons to large areas of brain)
52
Q

what measures brain activity?

A

electroencephalography (EEG)

53
Q

Why do we sleep? (4)

A
  • store memory
  • remove waste from what happens during the day
  • repair brain tissues
  • growth hormones produced during night
54
Q

what are the 4 states of sleep? which 2 are major ones?

A
  1. N1
  2. N2
  3. Slow wave sleep (N3): adjusts body without conscious commands
  4. rapid eye movement (REM) sleep:
    - brain activity inhibits motor neurons to skeletal muscle, paralyzing them
    - dreaming takes place
    - knowledge consolidation for memory
    - brain uses as much or more glucose than awake state
    * N3 and REM are the major ones
55
Q

EEG: compare amplitude and frequency
- stage W (awake, eyes closed)
- N1
- N2
- N3
- REM

A
  • stage W similar to N1
  • N2: amplitude increases, frequency decreases
  • N3: decreased frequency + highest amplitude
  • REM shortest frequency, amplitude btw N1/W and N2

amplitude: W = N1 < REM < N2 < N3
frequency: REM < N3 < N2 < N1 = W

56
Q

order of sleep cycles?
- deepest sleep occurs in the first _____ hours

A
  • N1 N2 N3 N2 N1 R N1 N2 N3 N2 N1 R
  • N3 is the lowest, R is the highest
  • 3 hours!
57
Q

what is circadian rhythm?
- what control primary “clock?

A
  • alternating daily patterns of rest and activity
  • suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus –> sens axon to pineal gland –> releases melatonin
58
Q

learning is the acquisition of knowledge
- associative learning vs non-associative learning

A
  • associative learning –> links smtg to another event –> makes you learn faster
  • non-associative learning –> memorize a term/textbook –> can develop habituation or sensitization
59
Q
  • habituation vs sensitization?
A
  • habituation: same stimulus –> becomes less responsive (ie turn on TV while studying) –> decreased perception through inhibitory modulation (falls below perceivable threshold)
  • sensitization: same stimulus: becomes more sensitive to it (ie keep doing mvt –> responds faster to it)
60
Q
  • where are memories stored?
  • anterograde vs retrograde amnesia?
  • short vs working vs long-term memory
  • reflexive (implicit) vs declarative (explicit) memory
A
  • in memory traces (in different places in brain) –> hippocampus is involved
  • anterograde –> can’t remember new info VS retrograde –> can’t recall old memories
  • short = few secs VS working = executing functions VS long term = store info for a long time (with consolidation)
  • reflexive = how to do it + can’t really describe (riding bike) VS declarative = knowing a fact + can report verbally (Ottawa is capital)
61
Q

new information goes into _____-______ memory but is lost unless _________ and stored in _____-_____ memory

A
  • short-term
  • unless processed (consolidation)
  • stored in long-term memory
62
Q

2 areas for integration of spoken language
- damage?
- where are the areas found in the brain?

A
  1. Wernicke’s area
    - understanding language
    - damage: unable to understand sensory input
    - towards parietal lobe (more sensory ish)
  2. Broca’s area
    - produces speech
    - damage: difficulty speaking or writing normal syntax + don’t understand complicated sentences + possible deficit in short-term memory
    - towards frontal lobe (more motor ish)

Mammalian physiology (13 decks)

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