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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscle objectives > Flashcards

Muscle objectives Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Define the Muscular System

A

The Muscular system is the system that provides movement, posture, blood circulation , heat production, and support.

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2
Q

what do cardiac muscle do?

A

pump blood

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3
Q

what do smooth muscles do?

A

help move blood and fluids through vessels

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4
Q

What is Fascia?

A

A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds muscles, organs, and other structures

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5
Q

Superficial fascia

A

located under the skin, it seperates muscles from skin

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6
Q

Deep Fascia

A

Surrounds and seperates individual muscles or groups of muscles providing support, protection and pathways for nerves

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7
Q

Epi-my-si-um
Per-i-my-sium
en-do-my-si-um

A

Layes of fascia within muscles enclosing bundles of muscle fibers

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8
Q

Tendon

A

connective tissues that attaches muscle to bone and enables movement by transmitting force from muscle contraction

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9
Q

Ligament

A

A band of connective tissue that connects bones to other bones and stabilizes the joints

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10
Q

Aponeurosis

A

a flat sheet- like tendon that connects muscles to bones or or muscles ex: abdominal region

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11
Q

Agonist (Prime mover)

A

The muscle primarily responsive for producing a specific movement (example: the muscles when they contract)

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12
Q

Antagonist

A

The Muscle that opposes the agonist controlling or balancing the movement (example: the triceps when they are relaxed during arm flexions and biceps are contracted)

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13
Q

Synergist

A

A muscle that assist the agonist by stabilizing joints or adding force to the movement (example: Brachialis during arm flex

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14
Q

Origin

A

The fixed attachment point of a muscle to bone that remains stationary during contraction (The top of the muscle)

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15
Q

Insertion

A

The movable attachment point of muscle to bone where the muscle causes movement

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16
Q

Belly

A

The thick, central part of the muscle where most of the fibers are located (example: rectus and deltoid muscle)

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17
Q

How are fascicles arRANGED?

A

They are arranged in patterns that affect a muscles strength and RANGE OF MOTION

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18
Q

Parallel

A

Fibers run in straight lines

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19
Q

What are Fascicles?

A

When a group of muscle fibers are bundles as unit within the muscle

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20
Q

Convergent

A

Fibers spread out and converge at a single tendon (ONLY ONE TENDON)

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21
Q

Circular

A

Fibers form rings controlling opening(a literal ring) example orbicularis oris around the mouth

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22
Q

Pennate

A

Fibers attach at an angle to a tendon maximizing force (shape of feather) (2 ways going opposite)

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23
Q

Explain how the muscles are named (ex. size, # origins etc.

A

Muscles are named based on specific characteristic such as their shape, size, location, action, direction of fibers, and more
location ex: temporalis (on the temporal bone
Shape ex: Deltoid (Triangle shaped
Size ex: Maximus: long
Number of origins ex: Biceps (two origins) triceps: three origins
Origin and insertion ex: sternocleidomastoid: sternum and clavicle and inserts at the mastoid process

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24
Q

Whenever a muscle or tissue surrounds, it what?

A

protects

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25
26
What is Sac-cro-lem-ma?
The Cell membrane of a muscle fiber?
27
Where is sac-cro-lem-ma located?
Surround the muscle cell (protecting from bone and other muscle)
28
What is the function of sarcolemma?
The function of the sarcolemma is to help transmit signals for muscle contraction
29
What is Sacroplasm?
The cytoplasm of the muscle fiber (JELLY LIKEK SUBSTANCE THAT CONTAINS NEED NUTRIENT AND MATERIALS FOR CELL TO OPERATE
30
What does the sarcoplasm contain?
Proteins, enzymes, and energy molecules NEEDED FOR CONTRACTION
31
What is the The Cell membrane of a muscle fiber?
Sacrolemma
32
The Cyoplasm of a muscle fiber is
Sacroplasm
33
What are Myofibrils
Rod like structures inside the muscle fiber that is responsible for muscle contraction
34
What do Myofibrils contain?
they contained repeating units called sarcomeres which are responsive for contraction
35
What are Sarcomere made of?
Actin (Thin filaments) Myosin (Thick filaments)
36
What do actin and myosin do during contraction?
Slide over each other
37
What is Sar-co-plas-mic Reticulum?
A network of tubes that stores and RELEASES CALCIUM IONS that are ESSENTIAL for muscle contraction
38
what are T-Tubules (Transverse Tubules)?
Extensions of the sarcolemma that go deep into the muscle fiber to carry the rapid transmission electrical signals throughout the muscle cell in order to ensure the entire muscle fiber CONTRACTS coordinately
39
Mitochondria
Provide ATP (energy for contraction. Skeletal muscles need a lot of energy
40
Nuclei
Nuclei produce proteins needed to maintain and repair the muscle fiber (protein=repairs)
41
Describe the Neuromuscular junction
The neuro muscular junction isi the communication site where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber. The neuron relases a-ce-tyl-cho-line a chemical messanger that triggers the muscle fiber to contract
42
Describe the synthesis and inactivation of acetylcholine?
synthesis: Acetylcholine is produced in the neuron and STORED IN VESICLES release When a signal arrives, ACH is released into the synaptic cleft ioknactivation: Acetylcholinesterase ( an enzyme ) breaks down ACH to stop the signal
43
Explain the sliding filament mechanism of contraction
Muscles contract by the process of thin actin filaments sliding past thick myosin filaments within a muscle fiber, effectively shortening the sarcomere and generating force, without the filaments themselves actually changing length Atp provides eergy for this process
44
The role of calcium in muscle contraction
When a nerve impulse reaches the muscle, calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding to tro-po-nin (a protien found in skeletal msucles to repair) on the actin filament. this allows the sliding filament mechanism to occur.
45
List the energy sources for muscle contraction
ATP, Creatiine Phosphate (ATP), Glucose(more ATp), and Fatty Acids
46
Twitch
a single, brief contraction in response to a stiimulus
47
SUMmation
multiple twitches combine for a stronger contraction
48
Tetanus
tetanus contraction without relaxation
49
Tone:
a low-level, constant muscle contraction for POSTURE
50
Fatigue:
When muscles can no longer contract effectively
51
Oxygen Debt
the amount of oxygen required after exercise to restore energy reserves
52
Aerobic metabolism:
Uses oxygen to produce energy efficiently; ideal for endurance activates
53
Anaerobic metabolism
DOESNT REQUIRE OXYGEN, producing LESS ENERGY but QUICKYLY USED for Shortburst of intense activity
54
Fast twitch fibers
contract quickly but fatigue easily; used in sprinting or weightlifting
55
Slow twitch fibers
contract slower but resist fatigue; used in endurance activities like long distance running
56
How are smooth graded contractions produced?
By gradually recruiting more motor units and increasing the frequency of nerve signals to the muscle
57
The role of motor units in smooth graded contractions
Motor units play a crucial role in producing smooth, graded contractions by allowing muscles to vary their force of contraction by selectively activating different numbers of motor units, essentially "recruiting" more or fewer muscle fibers as needed to generate the desired level of force; this process is called motor unit recruitment.
58
Isotonic contractions:
when the muscle changes length (ex: lifting weights)
59
isometric contraction
When the muscle stays the same length (ex holding a plank
60
Describe the effect of exercise on muscle structure
exercises makes muscles grow stronger by: adding more fibers (hypertrophy) and increasing energy storage
61
Atrophy:
when muscles shrink from not being used
62
hypertrophy:
when muscles grow bigger from exercise
63
What chemical helps to regenerate ATP?
creatine phoshate
64
What’s is flexion and extension?
movements that occur in the sagittal plane. They refer to increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts:
65
Flexion
refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts.
66
Extension
refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts.
67
Medial rotation
a rotational movement towards the midline.
68
Lateral rotation
a rotating movement away from the midline.
69
Elevation
to movement in a superior direction
70
depression
refers to movement in an inferior direction.
71
supination
With your hand resting on a table in front of you, and keeping your shoulder and elbow still, turn your hand onto its back, palm up.
72
pronation
Again, keeping the elbow and shoulder still, flip your hand onto its front, palm down. This is the prone position
73
Circumduction
Circular movement of a limb extending from the joint at which the movement is controlled.

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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