Muscle Performance, Injuries, and Diseases

Question 1

Muscle performance is considered in terms of

Answer 1

Force and Endurance

Question 2

Define force

Answer 2

Maximum amount of tension produced by a muscle or muscle group

Question 3

Define endurance

Answer 3

Amount of time during which an individual can perform a particular activity

Question 4

What factors determine the performance ability of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 4

Types of muscle fibers present

Physical conditioning or training

Question 5

What are the three types of muscle fibers?

Answer 5

Slow, intermediate, fast

Question 6

Describe slow fibers

Answer 6

Type 1 fibers
slow twitch
Oxidative (optimized for aerobic activity)

Question 7

Describe intermediate fibers

Answer 7

Type 2-A fibers
fast twitch
oxidative

Question 8

Describe fast fibers

Answer 8

Type 2-B fibers
Fast twitch
glycolytic fibers

Question 9

What is the structure of slow fibers?

Answer 9

Dark
Half the diameter of fast fibers
Abundant mitochondria
Extensive blood supply
High concentration of myoglobin
Can contract for long periods of time

Question 10

What is myoglobin?

Answer 10

Intracellular oxygen storage molecule

Question 11

True or false slow fibers are fatigue-resistant

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is the structure of fast fibers

Answer 12

Light
Contain densely packed myofibrils
Large glycogen reserves
Few mitochondria
Produce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration
Fatigue rapidly

Question 13

What is the structure of intermediate fibers?

Answer 13

Additional capillary supply
More mitochondria
Smaller in diameter
Not as dependent on anaerobic metabolism

Question 14

White muscles are made up of mostly

Answer 14

fast fibers

Question 15

Dark muscles are made up of mostly

Answer 15

slow fiber

Question 16

Training or conditioning can change what

Answer 16

The percentage of fast fibers that have intermediate properties

Question 17

Define hypertrophy

Answer 17

Increase in diameter of muscle

Question 18

Define atrophy

Answer 18

Decrease in diameter of a muscle

Question 19

Increased activity leads to

Answer 19

Synthesis of more actin and myosin myofilaments

Question 20

Decreased activity leads to

Answer 20

loss of actin and myosin myofilaments

Question 21

Muscle fiber A is twice the diameter of muscle fiber B. Muscle fiber A can produce greater tension than muscle fiber B because

Answer 21

A has more myosin to actin cross bridges forming during contraction

Question 22

What is anaerobic endurance

Answer 22

Time period in which muscular contractions are sustained by glycolysis after depleting ATP/CP reserves

Question 23

What is aerobic endurance?

Answer 23

Time period in which muscle can continue to contract while supported by mitochondrial activities after depleting ATP/CP reserves

Question 24

How do you improve anaerobic endurance?

Answer 24

Frequent brief, intensive workouts
Increase muscle mass
Increase glycogen reserves
Increase ability to tolerate lactic acid buildup

Question 25

How do you improve aerobic endurance?

Answer 25

Sustained low levels of activity Increase blood supply to muscles Improve cardiovascular activity

Question 26

When you age

Answer 26

Decrease muscle size, length, and endurance | Skeletal muscle becomes less elastic

Question 27

The disease called tetanus caused by the bacteria clostridium tetani

Answer 27

Causes loss of voluntary muscle control by the nervous system Causes strong contractions in muscles

Question 28

What are primary disorders?

Answer 28

Disorders resulting from problems with the muscular system itself

Question 29

What are examples of primary disorders?

Answer 29

Muscle Trauma Muscle infection Inherited disorders Tumors

Question 30

What are secondary disorders?

Answer 30

Result of problems originating in other systems

Question 31

What are examples of nervous system disorders?

Answer 31

Nervous system disorders Nutritional/metabolic problems Cardiovascular disorders

Question 32

Define muscle spasm

Answer 32

Strong, sudden, unusually painful, unwanted contraction

Question 33

Define muscle spasticity

Answer 33

excessive muscle tone

Question 34

Define muscle flaccidity

Answer 34

very low muscle tone

Question 35

Define muscle atrophy

Answer 35

deterioration or wasting due to disuse, immobility, or interference with normal motor neuron inneration

Question 36

Define myositis

Answer 36

Muscle inflammation

Question 37

Define strain

Answer 37

Tears in muscle tissue

Question 38

Define sprain

Answer 38

Tears in ligament or tendon or joint capsule

Question 39

Define paralysis

Answer 39

Loss of voluntary motor control

Question 40

What type of paralysis is the blockage of release of ACh (botulism)?

Answer 40

Flaccid

Question 41

What type of paralysis is the interference with binding of ACh to receptors?

Answer 41

Flaccid paralysis

Question 42

What type of paralysis is the interference with ACh Esterase activity?

Answer 42

Spastic paralysis

Question 43

What type of paralysis is the loss of motor neuron (polio)?

Answer 43

Flaccid Paralysis

Question 44

What type of paralysis is the loss of motor neuron axon-peripheral nerve damage

Answer 44

Flaccid paralysis

Question 45

What type of paralysis is the excessive stimulation of motor neurons (tetanus)?

Answer 45

Spastic paralysis

Question 46

What are the types of inherited disorders?

Answer 46

Muscular dystrophies | Myotonic dystrophy

Question 47

What is Duchenne's MD

Answer 47

X linked More common in males Problem on X chromosome Early onset

Question 48

What is Myotonic dystrophy

Answer 48

Chromosome 19 disorder | Late onset

Question 49

What are examples of minor muscle trauma?

Answer 49

damage to myofibrils Sarcolemma damage From excessive activity

Question 50

What are examples of major muscle trauma?

Answer 50

Laceration Crushing Deep bruise Muscle tear