Muscle Physiology

Question 1

What is the order of muscle size break down

Answer 1

muscle -> muscle fiber -> muscle febrile -> myofibrile

Question 2

The myofibril is considered the contractile unit because it contains the _______

Answer 2

sarcomere

Question 3

_-___________ the thin filament

Answer 3

actin

Question 4

_____________ the thick filament

Answer 4

myosin

Question 5

Actin is wrapped by protein structures ______________

Answer 5

troponin and tropomyosin

Question 6

myosin is composed of ______________ and ______________

Answer 6

myosin light chain and a protein head

Question 7

___________ blocked the binding of the myosin head to actin

Answer 7

tropomyosin

Question 8

___________ is the binding site of calcium so that the muscle can contract

Answer 8

troponin

Question 9

__ is only produced when the muscle is active/ contracted. This occurs when the muscle is stimulated

Answer 9

tension

Question 10

________________ the myosin (thick filament) of muscle fibers slide past the actin (thin) filaments during muscle contraction, while the two groups of filaments remain relatively constant length

Answer 10

sliding filament hypothesis

Question 11

maximum tension (force produced) occurs when _____________

Answer 11

thick and thin filaments overlap

Question 12

___________ the tension force produced when a muscle is extended past resting length

Answer 12

active tension

Question 13

___________ the tension force produced when the muscle is at its resting length

Answer 13

passive tension

Question 14

the total tension is

Answer 14

the sum of active and passive tension

Question 15

__________ is necessary to activate contraction

Answer 15

calcium

Question 16

__________ is necessary to both activate and deactivate muscle contraction

Answer 16

ATP

Question 17

When ATP is removed, we have __________

Answer 17

rigger mortis. Stiffening of a muscle

Question 18

what are the steps of the power stroke

Answer 18

1. troponin binds gto calcium pulling tropomyosin away from the actin bindings site
2. myosin binds to ATP to use the phosphorylation energy to bind to actin and release ADP+P
3. Myosin binds to ATP again causing the actin and myosin to unbind
4. The process must repeat itself

Question 19

___________ occurs when the force/tension acting on the muscle remaining constant while the length of the muscle changes

Answer 19

isotonic contraction

Question 20

If the weight hanging on the muscle is too heavy there is no ____________

Answer 20

shortening velocity

Question 21

The maximum mechanical power occurs at ________________________

Answer 21

some arbitrary intermediate shortening velocity

Question 22

the hill equation shows that you can not arbitrarily _____________

Answer 22

increase one value and expect the shortening velocity to increase

Question 23

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is structurally optimal to ______________________

Answer 23

deliver calcium

Question 24

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is electrically deactivated by a ___________________________

Answer 24

depolarization of motor neuron to release calcium

Question 25

after depolarization of the mortor neuron calcium can bind ________________

Answer 25

troponin

Question 26

___________ is crucial for muscle contraction (space of electromechanical coupling_)))))))))

Answer 26

calcium diffusion

Question 27

scientists use _______________ calcium activated flournse to show the changes in calcium concentration

Answer 27

furaptra

Question 28

gulf toadfish uses ___________________ to sing and attract females

Answer 28

muscles ion the swim Blatter

Question 29

The fast contraction of muscle in the swim bladder is called ____________ because they are very short contractions

Answer 29

twitch

Question 30

twitch, short contractions are not __________________

Answer 30

ATP limiting and are low force

Question 31

The swim Bladder can be used for ________________

Answer 31

rapd escape mechanisms or slow swimming menuvers

Question 32

_________ has a whitish color due to low vascularization rapid escape

Answer 32

glycortic

Question 33

____________ is used for slow swimming because of high vascularization

Answer 33

oxidative metabolism

Question 34

_____________ max tension occurs before max length/during stretch

Answer 34

clockwise loop

Question 35

______________ max tension occurs during shortening

Answer 35

counterclockwise

Question 36

The switch in a work loop from clockwise to counterclockwise occurs because the ___________________

Answer 36

negative and positive work switch signs

Question 37

negative work is

Answer 37

the work input required to shorten the muscle

Question 38

positive work is

Answer 38

the work output during shortening

Question 39

Net work cycle is a ______________

Answer 39

net positive

Question 40

work input occurs via

Answer 40

passive tension

Question 41

work output occurs via

Answer 41

passive and active tension

Question 42

What are the 5 characteristics of fast muscles

Answer 42

- rapid Ca++ cycling - lots of Sarcoplasmic reticulum - fewer contractile elements - low force production

Question 43

What are the 5 characteristics of slow muscle

Answer 43

- slow ca cycling - little Sarcoplasmic reticulum - more contractile elements - higher force production

Question 44

Toadfish swim Blatter use

Answer 44

fast muscle

Question 45

regular skeletal muscle uses

Answer 45

slow muscles

Question 46

high force and high frequency for _______________

Answer 46

flight in small insects

Question 47

Flight muscle in insects are

Answer 47

stretch activated

Question 48

Why is insect flight energetically costly

Answer 48

high force and high frequency

Question 49

Insect flight muscles are

Answer 49

- indirect - asynchronous - stretch activated - little SR more contractile elements packed for full power - Insects can only fly at a frequency that matches the thorax frequency

Question 50

the thorax ____________ as a result of wing movement

Answer 50

resinates

Question 51

muscles are organized into ____________

Answer 51

elevators and depressors

Question 52

insect flight muscles are organized __________ meaning when one muscle contract the other relaxes

Answer 52

orthogonally

Question 53

During each stage of flight is either the __________________

Answer 53

dorsal ventral muscles are act or dorsal lateral muscle