Week 1 Cards Flashcards by Sara Richmond

_____________ is the way systems work

physiology

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August Kroph discovered exercise induced capillary dilation which is a dilation in order to increase ______________

blood oxygen diffusion

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_____________ is studying the same pattern in different systems. Ex: invaginated breathing organs in terrestrial life

comparative physiology

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____________: system level analysis ex: flight control in flies

integrative physiology

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____________: how the nervous system categorizes a signal

sensory code

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__________: how the muscle system initiates contraction

motor code

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____________: laws of physics governing act

ex: physical properties/ aerodynamics in terms of flight

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________________: cold blooded animals can not control temperature in relation to the environment

thermal conformity

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________________: warm blooded animals. Temperature s independent of environment.

thermal regulation

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_____________________: an animal that regulates chloride concentration

salt regulator

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Are salt regulation and heat regulation linked?

No? Salt regulation and heat regulation are completely independent. Animals can be one and not the other.

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_____: miainence of constant internal environment.

Hoemostasis

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Homeostasis elements:
_________: controls the factor
_________: internal environment
_____________: detects changes in internal environment
______________: can be positive or negative

effector
set point
sensor
feedback

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What is the typical negative feedback pathway of thyroid

Hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> thyroid gland -> thyroid hormone -> tissue

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What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism

The action potential

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Limits of the physical environment:

Thermal enviorment is determined by distance from the equation and as a result most thermal conformers are

located near the equator

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Limits of the physical environment:

explain borchs

Borchs live in subzero temperatures by doubling their salt concentration. Blood glycoprotein is 300x more effective than antifreeze

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Limits of the physical environment:

What is the most diverse species

BUGS… BETTLES

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Smal animals evade high temperatures because they will loose to much water beach of______________

surface area to volume ratio. High surface area low volume means water loss

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What are some of the adaptations small animals undergo

active at night
scorpian burrows
shade
controlled bursts of energy (controlled hypothermia)
changing from black to white to reduce temperature
sub electric cavity captures condense evaporated water
orient away from the sun
absorb water from urine
variation in expired air

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One of the best animals at evading heat is the kangaroo rat this is because

they gain water from metabolic processes
restrict water in fecal loss
produce very concentrated gradient
cool their exhaling air via nasal countercurrent exchangers
low cutaneous water permeability resulting in little sweat

The _____________ has a unique physiological structure that influence its physiological function

the plasma membrane

__________________ provides fluidity of the cell membrane

cholesterol

_________ exchange lateral position 10^7 per second by flip across the membrane

lipids.

In the Frye experiment he fused two cells. What did he find

HE found that membrane proteins within the two cells flipped by lateral diffusion in order to create a complete mosaic

_________ shows the dynamics of lateral diffusion

FRAP

Frap is irreversibly bleaching a pool of flourescent probs with high intensity light and monitoring the recovery in florescence due to t________________

the movement of surrounding intact probes into the bleached spot.

During FRAP, a camera measures florescence and shows the tagged protein and these proteins are graphed in order to

show the rate of diffusion

____________ measure the mechanical properties of surfaces such as the cell membrane

optical laser trap and optical tweezers

Optical laser trapping can be used to show the path of _____________

a single particle

What are the 4 methods of movement that are shown via optica laser trapping

1. confined diffusion (confined by other membrane proteins) 2. confinement by cytoskeleton 3. direct movement 4. free random movement

____________: movement of water across a cell membrane to balance forces down a concentration gradient

passive diffusion

what are some of the factors that affect diffusion

- diffusion constant (hydrophobicity, solubility) - cross sectional area - change in concentration NOTE THE SIZE OF THE MOLECULE DOES NOT MATTER

_____________ ideal diffusion, has no limit

membrane passive diffusion

______________ through channels and is limited by the number of channels

passive Transport

_________________ can be passive or active and is limited by the substrate because all carrier molecules can be activated

carrier mediated transport

____________ allow facilitated diffusion via aqueous channels. It induced conformational change in protein substrate. Allows diffusion of small polar molecules

aquaporins

what are the 3 kinds of facilitated transporters

- uniporter: one molecule one direction - symporter: two molecules, same direction - antiporter: two molecules opposite directions

Does facilitated diffusion use ATP

NO just concentration gradients

________________ two substances move together to allow for the concentration gradient of one molecule to drive the transport of another molecule against its concentration gradient

coupled transport

If you double the number of transporters what happens to Vm and Km

Vmax increase and Km stays the same

What drives active transport

ATP hydrolysis | ex: Sodium potassium pump

Describe Sodium potassium pump

1. Transporter binds Na from cytosol 2. Phosphorylation by ATP conformational change 3. Sodium is released K+ binds 4. deposphorylation favors the reverse 5. cycle repeats

_____________ subcategory of membrane transport that couple the favorable movement of one molecule with another molecule

co-transport

____________ are used in epithelium to facilitate transport

gap junctions

If a charged particle moves across the membrane there is a current and voltage due to a physiological salt control mechanism. If this is tru we should be able to detect a ____________ across the membrane

voltage drop

If the voltage drop us zero, the skin is generating biological current in ________________

of the same value in the opposite direct

Essentially this experiment allows us to measure biological _______ of salt transport

current of salt transport

Epithelium transport In ________________, potassium gradient carries amino acid into blood via potassium co-transport. Diffuse through carrier

columnar cells

Epithelium transport: In ________________, transfer of potassium from hemolymph into goblet cell. Proton cotransporter, brings K+ out of goblet cell and protons into the cell. ATP proton pump, pump H+ out of the cell

goblet cell

A high ph in lumen causes the amino acids to be

released and the system to start all over