Muscle Test Flashcards
(93 cards)
0
Q
The pull created by muscles when they shorten
A
Tension
1
Q
What are muscles needed for?
A
Movement Support Warmth Breathing Digestion Circulation Excretion
2
Q
The force that muscles need to overcome to move (usually gravity)
A
Resistance
3
Q
Striated, voluntary, attached to bones, can repair
A
Skeletal
4
Q
Striated, involuntary, in heart, can’t repair
A
Cardiac
5
Q
Nonstriated, involuntary, intestines/blood vessels
A
Smooth
6
Q
Contains connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels
A
Muscles
7
Q
Functions of muscle
A
Movement Posture Support tissues Guards entrances and exits Maintains temperature
8
Q
Subunit of muscle
A
Fascicle
9
Q
Subunit of fascicle
A
Muscle fiber(cell)
10
Q
Subunit of muscle fiber(cell)
A
Myofibril
11
Q
Subunit of myofibril
A
Myofilament
12
Q
Tissue surrounding the entire muscle that separates it from other muscle or bone
A
Fasciae
13
Q
Tissue around the entire muscle that is directly connected
A
Epimysium
14
Q
Tissue surrounding the individual fascicles
A
Perimysium
15
Q
Tissue surrounding the individual muscle fibers/cells
A
Endomysium
16
Q
Adult stem cells, repair damaged muscle cells
A
Satellite cells
17
Q
Embryonic stem cells that form all muscle cells
A
Myoblast
18
Q
The muscle cell membrane
A
Sarcolemma
19
Q
The muscle cell cytoplasm
A
Sarcoplasm
20
Q
The muscle cells ER
A
SR
21
Q
Run perpendicular to SR to carry materials from fiber to fiber
A
Transverse tubules
22
Q
Thin, create I bands, light
A
Actin
23
Q
Thick, create A bands, dark
A
Myosin
24
One segment of a muscle fiber
Sarcomere
25
Actin that move
myosin that don't move
supporting proteins
regulating proteins
Elements of Sarcomere
26
Myosin filaments, light
A-bands
27
Actin filaments, dark
I-bands
28
Middle of myosin filaments
M-line
29
Area where I-band and A-band both occur
Zone of overlap
30
Middle of bands, start of new Sarcomere
Z-lines
31
Myosin pull on actin in a ratcheting pattern
Ratchet theory
32
I bands get smaller
Overlap zone gets bigger
Z-lines get closer together
A bands remain the same
Sliding filament theory
33
Area where nerves connect to muscle fiber
Neuromuscular junction
34
Synapse
Synaptic terminal
Motor end plate
Parts of neuromuscular junction
35
Neurons that connect to muscle
Motor neuron
36
Gap between nerve and fiber
Synapse
37
The last part of motor neuron in the neuromuscular junction
Synaptic terminal
38
Part of muscle in neuromuscular junction area
Motor end plate
39
The amount of stimulus needed to release a neurotransmitter
Action potential
40
Neurotransmitter that causes Na+ to enter the fiber
Ach
41
Causes Ca+ to be released from SR
Na+
42
Causes myosin heads to grab and pull on actin filaments
Ca++
43
enzyme that breaks down Ach
Achase
44
Steps of contraction
```
Impulse from brain
Ach is released into synapse
Na+ are released into fiber
Ca+ are released from SR into fiber
Myosin heads grab and pull on actin in repeating motion until impulse stops
```
45
Steps of relaxation
Impulse from brain stops
Achase is released and breaks down Ach synapse
Na+ leave muscle fiber
Ca returns to SR
Myosin release actin fibers and they return to their resting position
46
Controlled by # of muscle fibers stimulated and frequency of stimulation
Muscle tension
47
A single stimulus that causes 1 contraction and 1 relaxation
Twitch
48
No tension, impulse occurs, Ach, Na, and Ca released
Latent phase
49
Myofilaments connect and shorten
Contraction phase
50
na+ and ca+ are re-absorbed and contraction stops
Relaxation phase
51
The gradual buildup of tension due to repeated stimuli and a lack of relaxation
Wave summation
52
Maximum tension with brief periods of relaxation (convulsions)
Incomplete tetanus
53
No period of relaxation, constant full tension
Complete tetanus
54
```
Contraction ends, but low levels of tension remain in muscle fiber.
Occurs due to:
Death
Injury
workout
```
Treppe
55
Tension in myofibril (actual amount is higher)
Internal tension
56
Tension at the tendon (less due to stretching)
External tension
57
A motor neuron and all the fibers it connects to
Motor unit
58
Fewer fiber per neuron, react quicker with less force
Fine motor skills
59
many fiber per neuron, slower with more force
Course motor skills
60
Resting tension in a muscle
Muscle tone
61
Length of muscle changes
Isotonic
62
Length of muscle doesn't change, still contracts
Isometric
63
Muscle Shortens
Concentric
64
Muscle lengthens
Eccentric
65
Gives power
More muscle mass
Breakdown of pyruvic acid hat turns into lactic acid.
Glycolosis
66
Causes of muscle fatigue
Run out of ATP
Loss of energy sources(glucose/oxygen)
Build up of lactic acid(muscle damage)
Damage to SR(injury)
67
Maximum amount of tension produced
Power
68
How long a muscle can perform
Endurance
69
Power and endurance controlled by:
Type of muscle fibers
| Physical condition
70
Large, powerful, white, have few mitochondria, don't use often
Fast muscle fibers
71
Smaller, fatigue slowly, red, more oxyhemoglobin, many mitochondria, use very often
Slow muscle fibers
72
Pink and pale
Intermediate muscle fibers
73
Muscle growth that occurs due to muscle tearing
Hypertrophy
74
Muscle loss
Atrophy
75
```
Sprints, lifting, speed
Limited by:
Amount of ATP or creatine phosphate
Glycogen reserves
Lactic acid tolerance
```
Anaerobic endurance
76
Jogging,swimming
Limited by:
Oxygen levels
Sugars,fats, and proteins
Aerobic endurance
77
Affects of aging
Fibers get smaller
Lose elasticity
Decrease in recovery ability
Decrease in exercise tolerance
78
Bacterial infection from improperly canned foods, similar effects to a stroke, common in babies
Botulism
79
Neurological disease that causes muscles to degenerate, gradual loss of motor neurons, genetic
ALS/Lou Gehrigs
80
Genetic, undiagnosable, auto immune, chronic muscle pain
Fibromyalgia
81
Muscle overuse that causes pain, involuntary muscle contraction
Muscle cramps
82
Weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, too much ACHase
Myasthenia gravis
83
Parasitic disease caused by eating raw or undercooked pork
Trichinosis
84
Fatigue, muscle pain, weakness, hereditary, lack of energy
Chronic fatigue syndrome
85
Typical hernia from lifting something heavy. intestines push through abdomen wall
Inguinal hernia
86
transmission through unsanitary conditions, causes nerve damage
Polio
87
Severe muscle dystrophy, lack of protein in muscle, hereditary
Duchenes muscular dystrophy
88
Chronic muscle inflammation, more common in women, connective tissue disease
Polymyosotis
89
Diaphragm tearing as a result of excessive coughing/vomiting, stomach pushing up through hiatus
Hiatal hernia
90
Result of injury where muscle starts to die because it isn't getting blood flow
Ischemia
91
Autoimmune disorder, white blood cells attack fatty covering of nerves
Multiple sclerosis
92
Bacterial infection where muscles contract and spasm
Tetanus
