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Meat Science > Muscle Ultrastructure (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Muscle Ultrastructure (Exam 3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

The basis of all movement and essential biological functions
Contraction and relaxation
Maintain body temperature
Communication

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2
Q

What are some of examples of what muscle tissue is the basis of? (5)

A 
Locomotion
Digestion
Breathing
Vision
Circulation
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3
Q

How much of body mass is muscle tissue?

A

30-40%

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4
Q

What are 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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5
Q

What is skeletal muscle like?

A

Voluntary, striated, multinucleated, non-branched

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6
Q

What is cardiac muscle like?

A

Involuntary, striated, uninucleated, branched

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7
Q

What is smooth muscle like?

A

Involuntary, non-striated, uninucleated, tapered

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8
Q

What are the differences between the different types of muscle tissues?

A

Microstructure

How to contract

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9
Q

What is striation caused by?

A

Organization of protein filaments

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10
Q

If the muscle is highly organized, is it striated or non-striated?

A

Striated

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11
Q

If the muscle is lacking organized, is it striated or non-striated?

A

Non-striated

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12
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle originated (origin)?

A

On one side of the joint

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13
Q

Where is skeletal muscle terminated?

A

On the other side of the articulation (insertion)

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14
Q

Which end of skeletal muscle moves?

A

Articulation

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15
Q

What does attachment occur through in skeletal muscle?

A

Tendon

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16
Q

What is the tendon?

A

Dense connective tissue–myotendinal junction

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17
Q

What can skeletal muscle be terminated on?

A

A thin sheet connective tissue call fascia or aponeurosis

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18
Q

What are connective tissue the basis for?

A

Structural integrity of a muscle

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19
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Large cells within a vast network of connective tissues

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20
Q

What are the 3 major connective tissues?

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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21
Q

What does epimysium do?

A

Separates muscles

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22
Q

What is epimysium made of?

A

Nerves
Blood vessels
At least 1 artery, 1 vein, and a bundle of nerves

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23
Q

What does perimysium do?

A

Separates muscle bundles

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24
Q

How many muscle fibers are in a primary bundle of perimysium?

A

20 to 40

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25
What do primary bundles of perimysium form?
Secondary bundle
26
What is within the perimysium?
Intramuscular fat
27
What does endomysium do?
Separates muscle fibers
28
What is the endomysium adjacent to?
Muscle cells membrane
29
What is the endomysium responsible for?
Meat tenderness
30
Know the summary of physical characteristics on slide 11 and 23
Know the summary of physical characteristics on slide 11 and 23
31
How do the connective tissues vary?
Greatly in physical and functional characteristics
32
What are 3 types of connective tissue fibers?
Collagenous Reticular Elastic
33
What is the ground substances of connective tissue?
Proteoglycans: chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid
34
What is hyaluronic acid?
Fluid at articulations of the skeletal system
35
What is the most abundant protein in an animal?
Collagen
36
How much of body protein is collagen?
20-30% of body protein
37
What is the polypeptide composition of collagen fibers? (5)
``` α-chain 1014 to 1023 aa residues Unique and repeating sequences 3 α helices Pentafibrils ```
38
What is the repeating sequences of polypeptide composition made of?
Proline Hydroxyproline glycine
39
What is the process of collagen formation? (8)
``` Gene–DNA Hydroxylation Glycosylation Helix formation Procollagen Tropocollagen Crosslinking Collage ```
40
What do different types of collagen differ in?
α-chains in triple helical collagen molecules
41
What are the differences of α-chanis of collagen?
AA composition
42
What is reticular fibers?
Smaller bundle of fibers with small fibers, high reticulin content, high % ground substance, and delicate connective tissues around organs
43
What are the 2 unique aa of elastic fibers?
Desmosine and isodesmosine
44
What are loose connective tissues like? (4) Example?
``` Porous, highly flexible Few collagen and elastic fibers Highly vascularized Numerous cells Blood ```
45
What are dense connective tissues like? (3) Example?
Dense regular Dense irregular Numerous fibers Bone
46
What are adipose tissues?
Specialized loose connective tissues
47
What are adipose tissues capable of doing?
Storing lipids
48
What is adipose tissue surrounding?
Organs
49
What are functions of adipose tissue?
Energy storage Insulation Protection
50
What are makes up muscle fibers?
Muscle cell Muscle fiber Myocyte Myofibril
51
What do muscle fibers classify as due to the nuclei?
Multinucleated
52
What is the basement membrane of skeletal muscle fibers?
Sarcolemma
53
What does the transverse tubule (T-tubule) do?
Extend deep into the interior of the muscle fiber
54
What is the triad?
T-tubules and terminal cisternae of SR
55
What does the triad do?
Calcium release for muscle contraction
56
What is the terminal cisternae?
Association between SR and t-tubules
57
What are the 3 types of filaments in the cellular cytoskeleton of skeletal muscle fibers?
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
58
Of the 3 filaments, which is a majority of all?
Microfilaments
59
What is the amount of intermediate filaments like? Microtubules?
Abundant | Not in an appreciable amount
60
What is myofibril?
Unique microfilaments of muscle fiber
61
How much myofibril does an adult muscle cell have?
1000-2000
62
What is the myofibril structure like? (4)
Highly organized Cylindrical structure Extend entire length of muscle cell 1 μm in diameter
63
What is the myofibril bathed in?
Cytoplasm
64
What is a sarcomere?
Smallest contractile unit of myofibril
65
What is the size of a sarcomere in resting?
2.5 μm
66
What is the size of a sarcomere when it is super contracted?
0.9 μm
67
What is the size of a sarcomere when it is severely stretched?
4.0 μm
68
What is a Z-line?
Outer boundary of sarcomere
69
What is the thin filament?
Emits from Z-line
70
What is the thick filament?
Center of sarcomere that overlaps with thin filaments
71
What do Z-lines and filaments do?
Alternate light and dark banding patterns to give a striated appearance
72
What is the A band of myofibrils?
Dense area in the middle of the sarcomere
73
What is the A band the location of?
Thick filament
74
Where is the H zone?
Within the A band
75
What happens in the H zone of myofibrils?
Thin filaments are terminated
76
What is the pseudo H zone?
Highly dense area in the middle of the sarcomere
77
What is the I band of myofibrils?
Z line and thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres
78
What is the M line of myofibrils?
Crosslinking proteins
79
What is the Z line of myofibrils?
Anchor for thin filaments
80
What is the cap Z protein?
End cap of the thin filament
81
What does α-actinin do?
Attaches thin filament to z-line structure
82
What 4 things are responsible for suspension the Z-line?
Ankyrin Desmin Dystrophin Vinculin
83
What is the primary protein of the thin filament?
Actin
84
What happens in the Z-disk structure?
Actin filaments terminate
85
What do Z-filaments do?
Connect thin filament and Z line
86
What is 1 thin filament connected by?
4 Z filaments
87
What does the thin filament constitute?
I band
88
In the A band, how many actin filaments surround 1 myosin filament?
6
89
What makes up the thin filament?
``` G-actin F-actin Cap Z Troponin Tropomyosin ```
90
What is actin classified as?
Contractile
91
How much of myofibril proteins is actin?
20%
92
How much of wet muscle tissue is actin?
2%
93
How many strands of tropomyosin are there for every 2 strands of F-actin?
2
94
What does tropomyosin cover?
Myosin-binding sites on actin subunits of thin filaments
95
What are the 3 types of troponin?
I C T
96
What is troponin I?
Inhibitor
97
What is troponin C associated with?
Calcium
98
What is troponin T associated with?
Tropomyosin
99
What is the size of the thick filament?
14-16 nm in diameter | 1.5 μm in length
100
What does the thick filament constitute?
A band
101
What does the thick filament mostly contain?
Myosin
102
What is the head/neck of the thick filament made of?
Heavy meromyosin
103
What is the rodlike tail of the thick filament made of?
Light meromyosin
104
What is HMM?
Globular head heavy S1 and light portion
105
What does the M line do?
Acts as an anchor for thick filament
106
What is the banding patterns of skeletal muscle? (6)
``` Sarcomere Thin and thick filaments Z disk M line A/I bands H/Pseudo H zones ```

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