Muscles 2/3 Textbook Ch12 (Locomotion)

Question 1

What are muscle fiber types and what is recruitment?

Question 2

What is the relationship between a central pattern generator and a locomotor module?

Question 3

What are the costs and benefits to using oxidative phosphorylation versus glycolysis to support muscle activity?

Question 4

What is a respiratory quotient?

Question 5

How does myoglobin aid oxygen utilization in muscle?

Question 6

What regulatory factors allow muscle to regulate capillary blood flow?

Question 7

What are the components of a vertebrate skeletal system? What is the chemical composition of each element, and how is it made?

Question 8

What are the different types of levers, and how do they work?

Question 9

How do the properties of molecules influence their utility in conferring buoyancy?

Question 10

Distinguish between viscous forces and inertial forces in relation to animal locomotion.

Question 11

Distinguish between friction drag and pressure drag.

Question 12

Describe how lift works, and why it works in both water and air.

Question 13

Which groups evolved true flight?

Question 14

What locomotor challenges would a fish face if it moved on to land?

Question 15

Under what circumstances would flightless forms of flying animals evolve?

Question 16

Why do swimmers have lower costs of transport than fliers?
Why do horses switch gaits when velocity changes?

Question 17

Why do horses switch gaits when velocity changes?

Question 18

LO 1 Discuss the differences in muscle fiber types that suit them for different types of movement.

Question 19

LO 1 What is a locomotor module?

Question 20

LO 2 Why can oxygen consumption be used to measure energy expenditures in moving animals?

Question 21

LO 2 What are the trade-offs between using glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation for supporting muscle activity?

Question 22

LO 3 What is myoglobin and how does it aid in locomotion?

Question 23

LO 3 How might locomotor muscles be affected by diet?

Question 24

LO 4 Discuss the role of the vertebrate skeleton in locomotion.

Question 25

LO 4 Which would generate more lift, the wing of a bird or the fin of a fish, if they were the same dimensions?

Question 26

LO 5 Why is it more difficult to move through water than air?

Question 27

LO 5 How do organisms compensate for the effects of gravity?

Question 28

LO 6 How does body size affect the costs of locomotion in animals?

Question 29

LO 6 What is a Reynolds number, and why does it matter to a moving animal?

Question 30

What anatomical and functional features influence the efficiency of movement of oxygen from the erythrocyte to the muscle mitochondria?

Question 31

Many animals alter their physiology in response to frequent bouts of activity. In humans, this is known as a training effect. How would you expect each physiological system to change in response to training?

Question 32

Many marine fish swim into deep, cold water to pursue prey or avoid predators. How does cold temperature influence their ability to swim? Predict the physiological properties of the locomotor system of (a) a cheetah and (b) a tree sloth.

Question 33

Discuss the changes in cardiovascular and respiratory systems that support (a) high-intensity activity and (b) steady-state activity.

Question 34

Discuss the recovery from high-intensity activity. Consider the physiological, physical, and chemical changes that accompany this type of activity and what must happen to prepare the animal for another bout of activity.

Question 35

What are the mathematical relationships between power, work, and force? Under what physiological conditions will each of these parameters approach zero?

Question 36

Small-scale models of objects can be constructed to explore how the object moves through fluids. Engineers change the fluid movements to ensure that the Reynolds number remains constant despite the smaller dimensions of the object (L). If an object model is reduced to 1/1,000 of its actual size, how would you change the fluid properties to ensure that the Reynolds number remains constant?

Question 37

Use the following assumptions to answer the subsequent questions about the energy metabolism of a hummingbird on its flight across the Gulf of Mexico: A 2-g hummingbird puts on an additional 1 g of fat. The hummingbird has a mass-specific metabolic rate of 40 ml of per hour per gram and a total metabolic rate of 120 ml of per hour per bird. For simplicity, assume that its total metabolic rate remains constant for the duration of the flight. The lipid fuel is palmitate (molecular weight = 256 g per mol), although this ignores the contribution of glycerol from the triglyceride backbone. Oxidation of 2 NADH consumes 1 and generates 6 ATP, and oxidation of 2 consumes 1 and generates 4 ATP. Though you could translate between milliliters of and moles of using the universal gas law , assume that 1 mole of occupies 22.4 liters of volume. QUESTIONS: (a) What is the metabolic rate of a hummingbird in terms of ATP consumption in terms of moles of ATP per gram per hour? (b) If palmitate is the fuel that supports this activity, what is the rate of palmitate oxidation in terms of moles of palmitate per gram per hour? (Review Chapter 2 to remind yourself of the stoichiometries of NADH and FADH production in β-oxidation of fatty acids.) (c) How long would the 1 g of stored fat be able to support flight?

Question 38

Explain the importance of different muscle fiber types and arrangements in locomotor systems.

Question 39

Discuss the relationship between energy metabolism and locomotion.

Question 40

Explain how other physiological systems affect locomotion.

Question 41

Explain how skeletal systems are built, and how the arrangements with muscles influence the nature of work.

Question 42

Discuss the different ways animals use anatomy and physiology to overcome environmental constraints in locomotion.

Question 43

Discuss the factors that affect the energetic costs of movement.