muscles of the back and spinal cord

Question 1

what is the origin/ origo

Answer 1

part of the muscle attached by a tendon to the bone which is closer to the axial skeleton rather than the insertion

Question 2

what is the head/ caput

Answer 2

the proximal part of the muscle near the origin

Question 3

what is the belly/ vector

Answer 3

the widest part of the muscle

Question 4

what is the tail/ cauda

Answer 4

a narrow connection of a muscle to its insertion

Question 5

what is an insertion/ attachment

Answer 5

part of the muscle that is attached by a tendon to a bone that is further from the axial skeleton than the origin

Question 6

what is a retinaculm

Answer 6

a fibrous loop - wrist, ankles and knees

Question 7

what is a osteofascial septum

Answer 7

a partition

Question 8

what is agonists

Answer 8

acts as the executor of movement

Question 9

what is synergists

Answer 9

cooperates with other muscles to produce the same movement

Question 10

what is antagonists

Answer 10

provide movement in the opposite direction to the agonists

Question 11

what is neutralisers

Answer 11

muscle that cancels unwanted movement of other muscles

Question 12

what is a stabiliser

Answer 12

muscle that stabilises certain parts of the body

Question 13

what does the superficial group comprise of

Answer 13

muscles related to the movement of the upper limb

Question 14

what does the intermediate group comprise of

Answer 14

muscles attached to the ribs which may serve a respiratory function

Question 15

what are the extrinsic muscles

Answer 15

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboid major
levator scapulae
serrates posterior superior and inferior

Question 16

what are the intrinsic muscles

Answer 16

Splenius muscles
Transversospinales
Interspinales
Intertransversarii

Question 17

what is the primary function of the intrinsic muscles

Answer 17

maintain posture and aid in movement of the vertebral column

Question 18

what is the primary function of extrinsic muscles

Answer 18

move the upper extremity by controlling the movement of the scapula and humerus

Question 19

what is the shape of trapezius

Answer 19

flat and triangular
base of the triangle situated along the vertebral column
apex pointing towards the tip of the shoulder

Question 20

where is the origin of the trapezius

Answer 20

medial third of the superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spine of C7, and spines of all the T vertebrae

Question 21

where is the insertion of the trapezius

Answer 21

lateral third of the clavicle, as well as the acromion and scapular spine of the scapula

Question 22

what is the function of the trapezius

Answer 22

The uppermost fibers together with the levator scapulae elevate the shoulder. The middle and lower parts of the muscles act with the rhomboids in retracting and steadying the scapula (shoulder blade)

Question 23

what is the nerve supply to the trapezius

Answer 23

spinal accessory nerve (motor) and ventral rami of C3 and C4 (sensory)

Question 24

what is the origin of the latissimus dorsi

Answer 24

vertebrae T7–S5 – spinous processes and median sacral crest,
thoracolumbar fascia – posterior layer,
hip bone – posterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest (outer lip),
10th–12th rib,
inferior angle of scapula

Question 25

what is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi

Answer 25

humerus

Question 26

what is the function of the latissimus dorsi

Answer 26

extend the fixed arm to adduct and internally rotate the arm

Question 27

what is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi

Answer 27

thoracodorsal nerve

Question 28

where is the origin of the levator scapulae

Answer 28

transverse processes of vertebrae C1-C4

Question 29

what is the insertion of the levator scapulae

Answer 29

scapula – upper portion medial border of scapula

Question 30

what is the function of the levator scapulae

Answer 30

elevate the scapula (like the name suggests

Question 31

where is the innervation if the levator scapulae

Answer 31

spinal nerves C3–C4, dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

Question 32

what is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the rhomboid major

Answer 32

Origin: spinous processes of vertebrae T2-T5 Insertion: inferior 2/3 medial border of the scapula Function: elevation and retraction (adduction) of the scapula Innervation: dorsal scapula nerve

Question 33

what is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the rhomboid minor

Answer 33

origin - spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T1 insertion - superior 1/3 medial border of the scapula function - elevation and retraction (adduction) of the scapula innervation - dorsal scapula nerve

Question 34

what are the intermediate muscles

Answer 34

serrates posterior superior serratus posterior inferior

Question 35

what is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the serrates posterior superior

Answer 35

origin - spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T3 insertion - superior borders of ribs 2-5 function - assists with breathing by elevating the ribs during inspiration innervation - intercostal nerves II - X

Question 36

what is the origin, insertion, function and innervation of the serrates posterior inferior

Answer 36

origin - spinous processes of vertebrae T11-L2 insertion - inferior borders of ribs 9-12 function - assists with breathing by depressing the ribs during exhalation innervation - intercostal nerves IX - XI, subcostal nerve

Question 37

what are the superficial deep muscles

Answer 37

splenius capitis splenius cervicis

Question 38

what are the intermediate deep muscles

Answer 38

Iliocostalis Longissimus Spinalis

Question 39

what are the deep deep muscles

Answer 39

Semispinalis Multifidus Rotatores

Question 40

what is the origin of splenius capitis

Answer 40

spinous processes of C7-T3 vertebrae and the nuchal ligament

Question 41

what is the insertion of spleninus capitis

Answer 41

attaches to the mastoid process and the occipital bone of the skull

Question 42

what is the function of the splenius capitis

Answer 42

acting unilaterally causes ipsilateral rotation and lateral flexion of the head. Acting bilaterally causes extension of the head/neck