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Musculoskeletal Block Module > Muscles of the Lower Limbs > Flashcards

Muscles of the Lower Limbs Flashcards

(126 cards)

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1
Q

Name the muscles acting on the hip joint (ball and socket)

A

Flexors/Extensors
Abductors/Adductors
Medial/Lateral Rotators

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2
Q

Name the muscles acting on the knee joint (condylar)

A

Extensors/Flexors, Medial/Lateral

Rotators of flexed knee

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3
Q

Name the muscles acting on the ankle (hinge) and foot

A

Plantarflexors/Dorsiflexors

Inverters/Everters

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4
Q

Name the muscles acting on the toes (hinge)

A

Flexors/extensors

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5
Q

What are the movements that occur at the hip joint?

A 
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction 
Medial (internal) rotation
Lateral (external) rotation 
(Circumduction)
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6
Q

Name the different types of fascia you get in the lower limb.

A

Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Fascia lata
Crural fascia

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7
Q

Describe the components of superficial fascia.

A

Fat, cutaneous nerves, lymphatics, superficial veins and arteries.

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8
Q

Describe the functions of the deep fascia.

A

Decrease friction
Aids venous return
Form intermuscular septa for compartments

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9
Q

Where is the fascia lata?

A

In thigh deep fascia

Thickened lateral side is the iliotibial band/tract ITB

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10
Q

Where is the crural fascia?

A

In leg deep fascia

Thickening of this fascia forms retinaculum/retinacula in the foot.

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11
Q

How many compartments are the lower limbs arranged in?

A

3 (anterior, posterior, medial)

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12
Q

What noticable feature does the posterior compartment contain?

A

Sciatic nerve

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13
Q

What noticable feature does the medial compartment contain?

A

Blood vessels

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14
Q

What is the iliotibial tract?

A

Thickened band of deep fascia in the thigh (fascia lata)

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15
Q

What is the function of the iliotibial tract?

A

Provides attachments for gluteus maximus and tensor fascia latae muscles
Stabilizes the femur on tibia (allows knee extensors to relax when standing)
Extends from iliac crest to lateral condyle of tibia

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16
Q

Name the main hip joint extensor

A

Gluteus maximus

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17
Q

Where does the nerve supply for the inferior gluteal come from?

A

L5, S1,2

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18
Q

Name all the hip joint extensors.

A

Gluteus maximus
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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19
Q

What 3 muscles are known as the hamstring muscles?

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
They are knee flexors and rotators as well

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20
Q

Where is the semitendinosus, semimembranosus and long head of the biceps femoris from?

A

From the ischial tuberosity

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21
Q

Where does the short head of the biceps femoris come from?

A

From lower linea aspera

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22
Q

What are the muscles in the two regions that contribute to hip extension called?

A

Superficial gluteal group

Posterior thigh group

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23
Q

What is the posterior thigh group innervated by?

A

They are innervated by the sacral plexus-tibial n L4,5-S1,2,3

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24
Q

What are the hip joint flexor muscles?

A

Iliopsoas
Rectus femoris
Sartorius

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25
What plane is the iliopsoas in, in proportion to the hip?
Anterior of hip
26
What makes up the iliopsoas?
Iliacus | Psoas Major
27
Where does the rectus femoris attach?
Attaches above hip joint to tibial tuberosity via patella ligament
28
Name the different muscles of the quadriceps femoris group.
``` Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius *** All end in quadriceps tendon & patella & to tibial tuberosity via the patella ligament*** ```
29
Which two groups in the anterior thigh region contribute to hip flexion?
``` Pelvic group (iliopsoas) Anterior thigh group ```
30
What innervates the pelvic group and anterior thigh group?
Lumbar plexus (L1-4)
31
Name the hip joint abductors.
Gluteus medias Gluteus minimus (both to greater trochanter and laterally placed) (superficial gluteal group) Tensor fascia lata (innervated by the sacral plexus)
32
What is a sign for weak hip abductor muscles?
Trendelenburg sign
33
Where does the nerve come from that innervates the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?
Innervated by nerve from sacral plexus - superior gluteal n (L4,5,S1)
34
What is the Trendelenburg sign/gait?
Damage to the nerve from sacral plexus - pelvis wil drop on opposite side and give this gait.
35
What are the hip joint adductors?
Medial thigh group: - adductor magnus - adductor longus - adductor brevis - pectineus - gracilis
36
Which compartment hosts the hip adductors?
Medial compartment
37
What innervates the hip adductors?
Innervated by the lumbar plexus - obturator nerve (L2-4)
38
Which is the largest of the adductors?
Adductor magnus
39
Which is the most superficial of the adductors?
Gracilis
40
What are the lateral rotators of the hip joint?
Deep gluteal group - piriformis - gemelli superior & inferior - obturator muscles-internus & externus - quadratus femoris
41
What are the medial rotators of the hip joint?
Superficial gluteal group - gluteus medius - gluteus minimus Antero-lateral muscle - tensor fascia latae
42
Which are the stronger rotators of the hip joint? Medial or lateral
Lateral rotators
43
Describe the location of the piriformis.
Starts inside the pelvis from sacrum & through the greater sciatic foramen to greater trochanter
44
Which muscle is the deepest of the gluteals?
Gluteus minimus
45
Name the extensor muscles of the knee joint.
Quadriceps femoris
46
Name the flexor muscles of the knee joint.
Hamstrings, gastrocnemius, sartorius
47
Name the medial rotators of the knee joint.
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Sartorius, gracilis, popliteus
48
Name the lateral rotators of the knee joint.
Biceps femoris
49
What muscles in two regions contribute to knee flexion?
Posterior thigh group | Posterior leg group
50
What innervates the posterior thigh group and posterior leg group?
Tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L4,5,S1,2,3) from sacral plexus
51
Name the muscles that take part in dorsiflexion of the ankle.
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus Extensor hallucis longus
52
Name the muscles that take part in plantarflexion of the ankle.
Gastrocnemius, soleus Flexor Digitorum Longus Flexor Hallucis longus Tibialis posterior
53
Name the inverter muscles of the foot.
Tibialis anterior and posterior
54
Name the everter muscles of the foot.
Fibularis/peroneus longus and brevis
55
List the superficial layer of plantarflexors in the ankle.
Gastrocnemius Soleus (plantaris)
56
List the deep layer of plantarflexors in the ankle.
Tibialis posterior Flexor Hallucis Longus Flexor Digitorum Longus
57
What holds the deep layer of plantarflexors in place?
The flexor retinaculum on the medial side of the ankle.
58
Name the structures associated with the tarsal tunnel.
``` Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Posterior tibial artery Posterior tibial vein Tibial nerve Flexor hallucis longus ```
59
Name the muscles in the anterior leg group for ankle dorsiflexion.
Tibialis anterior EHL (extensor hallicus longus) EDL (extensor digitorum longus)
60
What holds the anterior leg group muscles in place for ankle dorsiflexion?
Thickenings of the deep fascia - extensory retinaculum
61
What joint is responsible for foot inversion and eversion?
Subtalar joint (below talus and above calcaneus)
62
What are the different groups and muscles involved in foot inversion?
Deep posterior group - tibialis posterior | Anterior group - tibialis anterior
63
What are the different groups and muscles involved in foot eversion?
Lateral group of the leg - fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
64
Name the toe flexor muscles.
Posterior compartment - flexor hallucis longus & brevis, flexor digitorum longus & brevis
65
Name the toe extensor muscles.
Anterior compartment - EHL, extensor digitorum longus and brevis
66
Where are the toe flexor muscles situated?
Deep posterior group of the leg Intrinsic muscles in sole of the foot Four layers of muscles in sole of foot All covered by the plantar aponeurosis
67
Where are the toe extensors situated?
Anterior leg group | Intrinsic foot muscles
68
Summary | What is the function of the pelvic group?
Hip flexion
69
Summary | What is the function of the superficial layer of the gluteal group?
Hip extension/abduction/medial rotation
70
Summary | What is the function of the deep layer of the gluteal group?
Hip lateral rotation
71
Summary | What is the function of the anterior group of the thigh?
Hip flexion; knee extension
72
Summary | What is the function of the posterior group of the thigh?
Hip extension; knee flexion
73
Summary | What is the function of the medial group of the thigh?
Hip adduction/medial rotation
74
Summary | What is the function of the anterior group of the leg?
Ankle dorsiflexion; foot inversion; toe extension
75
Summary | What is the function of the posterior group of the leg?
Ankle plantarflexion
76
Summary | What is the function of the superficial layer of the leg?
Knee flexion
77
Summary | What is the function of the deep layer of the leg?
Foot inversion; toe flexion
78
Summary | What is the function of the lateral group of the leg?
Foot eversion (ankle plantarflexion)
79
Name the hip muscles.
``` Anterior (iliopsoas, rectus femoris) Posterior (gluteus maximus, hamstrings) Medial (adductors) Lateral (gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia lata) Rotator muscles (deep posterior) ```
80
Psoas Major
Attaches to all lumbar vertebrae | Attaches onto lesser trochanter as iliopsoas tendon
81
Iliacus
In iliac fossa Hip flexor Attaches onto lesser trochanter as iliopsoas tendon
82
Where is the psoas minor positioned?
On top of the psoas major
83
Gluteus maximus
Hip Extensor Inferior gluteal nerve L5-S2 Inserts into gluteal tuberosity and IT band Attaches onto posterior gluteal surface of hip
84
Gluteus medius
Hip abductor Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1 Attaches onto greater trochanter
85
Gluteus minimus
Hip abductor Superior gluteal nerve L4-S1 Attaches onto greater trochanter
86
What side of the pelvis drops in the Trendelenburg gait?
Side opposite to the damaged superior gluteal nerve.
87
Name the innervation and supply of the abductors of the hip.
Gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata are supplied by the superior gluteal nerve, artery and vein.
88
What fibres of which muscles are medial rotators of the hip?
Anterior fibres of the gluteus minimus and gluteus medius.
89
Tensor Fascia Lata
Hip abductor/medial rotator of hip | Anterior superior iliac spine to IT band
90
Piriformis
Lateral rotator of hip | Front of 2nd to 4th sacral segments through greater sciatic foramen onto medial aspect of greater trochanter
91
Quadratus femoris
Lateral rotator | Posterior aspect
92
Obturator externus
Lateral rotator | Huge attachment to exterior part of hip
93
Obturator internus
Lateral rotator | Internal attachment to hip
94
Superior/Inferior Gemelli
Lateral rotators | Sandwich obturator internus
95
State the order of the muscles near the gluteal surface of the hip.
``` Piriformis Superior Gamellus Obturator Internus Inferior Gamellus Quadratus Femoris ```
96
What is the innervation and supply of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Femoral nerve | Deep femoral artery/vein
97
What are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
Sartorius | Quadriceps femoris - rectus femoris, vastus intermedialis, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis
98
What is the function of the sartorius?
Knee flexor Hip flexor Medial rotator of the knee
99
Describe the attachments of the sartorius.
ASIS to pes anserinus which inserts onto tibia
100
What are the functions of the quadriceps femoris group?
Hip flexor | Knee extensor
101
Which muscle attaches lower down in the quadriceps femoris group?
Vastus medialis
102
Which side is the patella more likely to dislocate?
Laterally
103
Which side is the patella more likely to dislocate?
Laterally
104
What is the innervation and supply for the posterior compartment of the thigh?
``` Sciatic nerve (tibial branch, except for short head of biceps femoris which is common fibular branch) Deep femoral artery/vein ```
105
Name the subdivisions of the hamstring muscles and their functions.
Biceps femoris (long and short heads) - hip flexor, lateral rotator of knee Semitendinosus* Semimembranosus* * Both are hip flexors and medial rotators of the knee
106
Which two hamstring muscles come from the same tendon?
Long head of biceps femoris and semitendinosus
107
Which nerve supplies the short head of the biceps femoris?
Common fibular nerve
108
Which muscles form the pes anserinus tendon?
Sartorius Semitendinosus Gracilis
109
What is the innervation and supply of the medial compartment of the thigh?
Obturator nerve | Deep femoral artery/vein
110
Name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh.
``` Gracilis Pectineus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus ```
111
Name the borders of the femoral triangle.
``` Inguinal ligament (superior) Sartorius (lateral) Adductor longus (medial) ```
112
Name the contents of the femoral triangle.
``` From lateral to medial: Femoral nerve Femoral artery Femoral vein Lymphatics = NAVY ```
113
Name the innervation and supply of the anterior compartment?
Deep fibular nerve | Anterior tibial artery
114
Name the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg.
Tibialis anterior EHL EDL
115
Where does the tibialis anterior attach?
Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
116
What causes foot drop?
Damage to the common fibular nerve
117
Where does the FHL and FDL attach?
Dorsal surface on the base of the distal phalanx
118
What is the innervation and supply of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery
119
Name the muscles in the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the leg vs the muscles in the deep layer.
Superficial layer = gastrocnemius, soleus and popliteus | Deep layer = tibialis posterior, FHL, FDL
120
Where does the posterior tibialis muscle attach?
Navicular and medial cuneiform
121
What is the innervation and supply of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Superficial fibular nerve | Fibular artery
122
Name the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg.
Fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
123
Where does the fibularis longus insert?
Medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
124
Where does the fibularis brevis attach?
Base of 5th metatarsal
125
What structures are involved in forming the tarsal tunnel?
Talus Calcaneus and sustentaculum tali Flexor retinaculum Medial malleolus
126
Name the contents found in the tarsal tunnel.
``` Tibialis posterior FDL Posterior tibial artery Posterior tibial vein Tibial nerve FHL ```

Musculoskeletal Block Module (10 decks)

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