Muscles of the Pelvic Limb Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
What are the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle?
A
The gastrocnemius muscle has two heads: Medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle Lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle
2
Q
What is the action of the pectineus muscle?
A
The pectineus muscle adducts the pelvic limb.
3
Q
What muscle does the cunean tendon belong to?
A
The cunean tendon is the medial tendon of the cranial tibial muscle.
4
Q
What muscle is located on the ventral aspect of the pubis and ventral aspect of the ischium and lies on the ventral surface of the obturator foramen of the pelvis?
A
The external obturator muscle is located on the ventral aspect of the pubis and ventral aspect of the ischium and lies on the ventral surface of the obturator foramen of the pelvis.
5
Q
What synovial structure is located between the skin and the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle?
A
The subcutaneous calcanean bursa is located between the skin and the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle.
6
Q
Where does the vastus lateralis muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscle originate?
A
The vastus lateralis muscle of the quadriceps muscle originates at the proximal aspect of the femur.
7
Q
Where is the insertion of the quadratus femoris muscle?
A
The quadratus femoris muscle inserts into the intertrochanteric crest of the femur.
8
Q
What muscles comprise the hamstrings?
A
The hamstring muscles consist of the biceps femoris muscle, semitendinosus muscle, and semimembranosus muscle.
9
Q
Where does the semitendinosus muscle insert?
A
The semitendinosus muscle inserts at the medial surface of the tibial body and the tuber calcanei via the common calcanean tendon.
10
Q
What is the origin of the internal obturator muscle?
A
The internal obturator muscle originates from within the bony pelvic canal at the dorsal surface of the ischium and pubis, more specifically the dorsal pelvic symphysis.
11
Q
What is the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle?
A
The gastrocnemius muscle originates from the medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur.
12
Q
What structure is continuous with the cranial part of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
A
The cranial part of the tensor fasciae latae muscle is continuous with the superficial layer of the fascia lata.
13
Q
In the horse, what is the medial tendon of the cranial tibial muscle?
A
In the horse, the medial tendon of the cranial tibial muscle is the cunean tendon.
14
Q
What is the action of the long digital extensor muscle?
A
The long digital extensor muscle extends the digits and flexes the tarsus.
15
Q
What head of the quadriceps femoris muscles is the only one to that spans both the hip joint and stifle joint?
A
The rectus femoris muscle is the only head of the quadriceps femoris muscle that spans both the hip joint and the stifle joint.
16
Q
Where does the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle insert?
A
The lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle inserts into the tuber calcanei.
17
Q
What is the origin of the gemelli muscle?
A
The gemelli muscle originates from the lateral surface of the ischium and ventral to the lesser ischiatic notch of the pelvis.
18
Q
Where does the long digital extensor muscle insert?
A
The long digital extensor muscle inserts into the extensor processes of the distal phalanges of digits II, III, IV, and V.
19
Q
What is the insertion of the adductor muscle?
A
The adductor muscle inserts at the caudolateral aspect of the femur, more specifically the entire lateral lip of the caudal rough surface of the femur.
20
Q
Where does the vastus medialis muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscle originate?
A
The vastus medialis muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles originates from the proximal aspect of the femur.
21
Q
What is the action of the external obturator muscle?
A
The external obturator muscle rotates the pelvic limb laterally.
22
Q
What structure is continuous with the caudal part of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
A
The caudal part of the fasciae latae muscle is continuous with the deep layer of the fascia lata.
23
Q
What synovial structure is associated with the tendon of the internal obturator muscle as it passes over the lesser ischiatic notch of the pelvis?
A
The tendon of the internal obturator muscle has a subtendinous bursa located deep to the tendon as it passes over the lesser ischiatic notch of the pelvis.
24
Q
What are the origins of the quadriceps femoris muscles?
A
The rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris muscles originate at the ilium, where the vastus lateralis muscle, vastus intermedius muscle, and vastus medialis muscle originate at the proximal aspect of the femur.
25
What is the origin of the deep gluteal muscle?
The deep gluteal muscle originates from the body of the ilium, more specifically the ischiatic spine.
26
What is the action of the quadriceps femoris muscles?
All of the heads of the quadriceps femoris muscles (rectus femoris muscle, vastus lateralis muscle, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis) extend the stifle joint. The rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles is the only one that flexes the hip joint.
27
What muscle contains fabellae in their tendons of origin?
Both the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle contain a sesamoid bone, known as fabella, in their tendons of origin.
28
Which muscle is the piriformis muscle considered to be part of?
The piriformis muscle is considered to be part of the middle gluteal muscle.
29
Where does the middle gluteal muscle originate from?
The middle gluteal muscle originates from the crest of the ilium and gluteal surface of the ilium.
30
What clinically relevant, palpable structure is located at the caudal border of the biceps femoris muscle?
The popliteal lymph node is a clinically relevant, palpable lymph node located on the caudal border of the biceps femoris.
31
What structure does the tendon of the lateral head of the deep digital flexor muscle pass through?
The lateral head of the deep digital flexor muscle, along with the medial and lateral plantar nerves, pass through the tarsal tunnel.
32
In the horse, the tendons of what muscles fuse together and fuse with the medial extensor branch of the interosseus muscle and the lateral extensor branch of the interosseus muscle?
The tendon of the long digital extensor muscle and the lateral digital extensor muscle fuse in the horse, as well as the medial extensor branch of the interosseus muscle and the lateral extensor branch of the interosseus muscle.
33
What structure holds down the tendon of the cranial tibial muscle and the tendon of the long digital extensor muscle?
The crural extensor retinaculum holds down the tendon of the cranial tibial muscle and the long digital extensor muscle.
34
What is the action of the psoas major muscle of the iliopsoas muscles?
The psoas major muscle of the iliopsoas muscles flexes the hip joint.
35
What is the origin of the gracilis muscle?
The gracilis muscle originates from the pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon.
36
What muscle has a subtendinous bursa as the tendon passes over the lesser ischiatic notch of the pelvis?
The tendon of the internal obturator muscle has a subtendinous bursa located deep to the tendon as it passes over the lesser ischiatic notch of the pelvis.
37
Where does the superficial digital flexor muscle insert?
The superficial digital flexor muscle inserts into the medial side of the tuber calcanei, the lateral side of the tuber calcanei, and the plantar aspect of the base of the middle phalanx of digits II, III, IV, and V.
38
What structure holds down the tendon of the long digital extensor muscle on the dorsal surface of the metatarsus?
The tarsal extensor retinaculum holds the tendon of the long digital extensor muscle in place on the dorsal surface of the metatarsus.
39
What is the origin of the external obturator muscle?
The external obturator muscle originates from the ventral surface of the pubis and the ventral surface of the ischium.
40
What structure(s) eliminate the need for a proximal check ligament in the equine pelvic limb?
In the horse, there is no proximal check ligament of the pelvic limb. The medial and lateral attachments of the superficial digital flexor muscle to the calcaneus, more specifically the medial and lateral sides of the tuber calcanei, serve to check the hock joint to counteract flexion.
41
Where does the internal obturator muscle insert?
The internal obturator muscle inserts into the trochanteric fossa of the femur.
42
What is the action of the iliopsoas muscles?
The iliopsoas muscles flex the hip joint.
43
What muscle lies directly over the ventral aspect of the coxofemoral joint capsule?
The articularis coxae muscle lies directly over the ventral aspect of the coxofemoral joint capsule.
44
Where is the intertendinous calcanean bursa located at the tuber calcanei?
The intertendinous calcanean bursa becomes subtendinous to the superficial digital flexor muscle at the tuber calcanei.
45
What is the origin of the semitendinosus muscle?
The semitendinosus muscle originates from the ischiatic tuberosity.
46
What muscle is also referred to as the fibularis longus muscle?
The peroneus longus muscle is also referred to as the fibularis longus muscle.
47
What are the heads of the quadriceps femoris muscles?
The quadriceps femoris muscle has four heads: Rectus femoris of the quadriceps femoris muscle Vastus lateralis of the quadriceps femoris muscle Vastus intermedius of the quadriceps femoris muscle Vastus medialis of the quadriceps femoris muscle
48
What is the origin of the cranial tibial muscle?
The cranial tibial muscle originates from the proximal and lateral aspect of the tibia near the extensor groove.
49
Where is the external obturator muscle located?
The external obturator muscle is located on the ventral aspect of the pubis and ventral aspect of the ischium and lies on the ventral surface of the obturator foramen of the pelvis.
50
Where is the trochanteric bursa located?
In the horse, the trochanteric bursa is located deep to the accessory gluteal muscle where it passes over the cranial part of the greater trochanter of the femur.
51
What structure "caps the hock"?
The tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle "caps the hock".
52
What is the origin of the sartorius muscle.
The sartorius muscle originates from the ilium, more specifically the crest of the ilium, thoracolumbar fascia, and the ventral border of the ilium.
53
What additional digital extensor muscle is present in the horse?
There is also a lateral digital extensor muscle that is very obvious in the horse.
54
Where does the fibularis longus muscle insert?
The fibularis longus muscle (peroneus longus muscle) inserts into tarsal bone IV and the plantar aspect of the proximal ends of the metatarsal bones.
55
What is the action of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
The tensor fasciae latae muscle flexes the hip joint, extends the stifle joint, and tenses the fascia lata.
56
Where can you find the popliteus muscle?
The popliteus muscle is located immediately proximal and medial to the medial head of the deep digital flexor muscle on the caudal aspect of the knee, or stifle, joint in the popliteal region.
57
What structure(s) are present in the pelvic limb of the horse to counteract flexion?
In the horse, there is no proximal check ligament of the pelvic limb. The medial and lateral attachments of the superficial digital flexor muscle to the calcaneus, more specifically the medial and lateral sides of the tuber calcanei, serve to check the hock joint to counteract flexion. The distal check ligaments are not very significant and may be difficult to find.
58
What muscles converge in the ox to form the gluteobiceps muscle?
In the ox, the superficial gluteal muscle converges with the biceps femoris muscle to form the gluteobiceps muscle.
59
What structure do the iliopsoas muscles extend through?
The iliopsoas muscles extend through the muscular lacuna of the abdominal wall adjacent to the vascular lacuna.
60
What muscle is located adjacent to the adductor muscle on the medial aspect of the pelvic limb and caudal to the gemelli muscle on the lateral aspect of the pelvic limb?
The quadratus femoris muscle can be seen both medially and laterally. Medially, the quadratus femoris muscle can be seen adjacent to the adductor muscle. Laterally, the quadratus femoris muscle can be seen caudal to the gemelli muscle.
61
Where does the vastus intermedius muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles insert?
The vastus intermedius muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles inserts into the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
62
Where is the internal obturator muscle located?
The internal obturator muscle is located on the dorsal surface of the obturator foramen of the pelvis.
63
What is the origin of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle?
The medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle originates from the medial supracondylar tuberosity of the femur.
64
What is the action of the superficial gluteal muscle?
The superficial gluteal muscle extends the hip joint and abducts the pelvic limb.
65
Where does the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle insert?
The medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle inserts into the tuber calcanei.
66
What is the action of the rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles?
The rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles extends the stifle joint and flexes the hip joint.
67
What structure does the tendon of origin of the popliteus muscle pass deep to?
The tendon of origin of the popliteus muscle passes deep to the lateral collateral ligament of the stifle joint.
68
What is the action(s) of the hamstring muscles?
All of the hamstring muscles are extensors of the hip joint and flexors of the stifle joint. These muscles may also extend the stifle while the pelvic is bearing weight, depending on the limb position.
69
Does the fibularis longus muscle occur across all species?
No, the fibularis longus muscle (peroneus longus muscle) is not present in the horse.
70
What muscles form the cranial and caudal borders of the femoral triangle?
The caudal part of the sartorius muscle forms the cranial border of the femoral triangle and the pectineus muscle forms the caudal border of the femoral triangle.
71
What muscle(s) is/are considered to be part of the middle gluteal muscle in the horse?
Generally, the piriformis muscle is considered to be part of the middle gluteal muscle. Specifically in the horse, there is an accessory gluteal muscle that is considered as an additional part of the middle gluteal muscle.
72
What hidden structure (only visible on radiographs) is located in the tendon of origin of the popliteus muscle?
The popliteus muscle has a popliteal sesamoid bone in its tendon of origin that will only be seen in radiographs.
73
What is the origin of the long digital extensor muscle?
The long digital extensor muscle originates from the extensor fossa of the femur.
74
In the ox, the superficial gluteal muscle and the biceps femoris muscle converge into what?
In the ox, the superficial gluteal muscle converges with the biceps femoris muscle to form the gluteobiceps muscle.
75
With what synovial structure is the tendon of the accessory gluteal muscle affiliated?
The tendon of the accessory gluteal muscle is affiliated with the trochanteric bursa where it passes over the cranial part of the greater trochanter of the femur.
76
What is the action of the peroneus longus muscle?
The peroneus longus muscle (fibularis longus muscle) flexes the tarsus and pronates the paw (rotates the paw medially so the plantar surface faces laterally).
77
What is the insertion of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
The tensor fasciae latae muscle inserts at the fascia lata, also referred to as the lateral femoral fascia.
78
What muscle is also referred to as the peroneus longus muscle?
The fibularis longus muscle is also referred to as the peroneus longus muscle.
79
What is the origin of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The deep digital flexor muscle originates from the proximal tibia, proximal fibula, and adjacent interosseus membrane between the two.
80
What is the insertion of the external obturator muscle?
The external obturator muscle inserts into the trochanteric fossa of the femur.
81
What is the action of the gemelli muscle?
The gemelli muscle rotates the pelvic limb laterally.
82
Where is the flexor retinaculum?
The flexor retinaculum is located where the lateral head of the deep digital flexor muscle passes over the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus.
83
What muscle lies immediately caudal to the pectineus muscle?
The adductor longus muscle lies immediately caudal to the pectineus muscle.
84
Where does the vastus medialis muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles insert?
The vastus medialis muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles inserts into the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
85
What muscle tendon compresses the gemelli muscle, making it appear to have two "twin" parts?
The gemelli muscle appears to have two parts as a result of compression by the thick, wide tendon of the internal obturator muscle.
86
Where does the psoas major muscle of the iliopsoas muscles insert?
The psoas major muscle of the iliopsoas muscles inserts into the lesser trochanter of the femur.
87
What muscles compose the iliopsoas muscles?
The iliopsoas muscles is formed by two muscles: the psoas major muscle and the iliacus muscle.
88
What is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle?
The gastrocnemius muscle extends the tarsus and flexes the stifle joint.
89
What is the origin of the pectineus muscle?
The pectineus muscle originates from the pubis, more specifically the pre-pubic tendon and iliopubic eminence.
90
What muscle essentially envelops the muscular portion of superficial digital flexor muscle?
The medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle essentially envelop the muscular portion of the superficial digital flexor muscle.
91
Where do the hamstrings arise, either in part or whole, from?
The hamstring muscles all arise, in part or whole, from the ischiatic tuberosity.
92
Where does the rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles insert?
The rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles inserts into the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
93
Where does the iliacus muscle of the iliopsoas muscles originate?
The iliacus muscle of the iliopsoas muscles originates from the cranioventral ilium.
94
What is the origin of the adductor muscle?
The adductor muscle originates from the pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon, the ventral surface of the pubis, and the ventral surface of the ischium.
95
What is the action of the superficial digital flexor muscle?
The superficial digital flexor muscle flexes the stifle joint, extends the tarsus (hock joint), and flexes the digits.
96
What is the action of the adductor muscle?
The adductor muscle adducts the pelvic limb and extends the hip joint.
97
What is the action of the popliteus muscle?
The popliteus muscle flexes the stifle joint and rotates the leg (crus) medially.
98
What is the origin of the quadratus femoris muscle?
The quadratus femoris muscle originates from the ventral surface of the caudal ischium of the pelvis.
99
What muscle(s) is/are considered to be part of the middle gluteal muscle in the dog?
The piriformis muscle is considered to be part of the middle gluteal muscle.
100
What is the action of the middle gluteal muscle?
The middle gluteal muscle extends the hip joint, abducts the hip joint, and rotates the pelvic limb medially.
101
What is the action of the iliacus muscle of the iliopsoas muscles?
The iliacus muscle of the iliopsoas muscles flexes the hip joint.
102
What is the origin of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle?
The lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle originates from the lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur.
103
What muscle appears to have two parts as a result of compression by the thick, wide tendon of the internal obturator muscle?
The gemelli muscle appears to have two parts as a result of compression by the thick, wide tendon of the internal obturator muscle.
104
What is the origin of the superficial gluteal muscle?
The superficial gluteal muscle originates from the sacrotuberous ligament and the deep gluteal fascia.
105
What is the purpose of the crural extensor retinaculum?
The crural extensor retinaculum holds down the tendon of the cranial tibial muscle and the long digital extensor muscle.
106
Which head of the quadriceps femoris muscles originates at the ilium?
The rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscle originates from the ilium.
107
What muscles contribute to the common calcanean tendon?
The biceps femoris muscle, semitendinosus muscle, gracilis muscle, superficial digital flexor muscle, and gastrocnemius muscle contribute the the common calcanean tendon.
108
What is the origin of the semimembranosus muscle?
The semimembranosus muscle originates from the ischiatic tuberosity.
109
What species possess a fibularis tertius muscle?
The fibularis tertius muscle is present in the horse.
110
Where does the middle gluteal muscle insert?
The middle gluteal muscle inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur.
111
Where does the pectineus muscle insert?
The insertion of the pectineus muscle is at the distal end of the caudomedial aspect of the femur, more specifically the medial lip of the caudal rough surface.
112
Where does the vastus lateralis muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles insert?
The vastus lateralis muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles inserts into the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
113
Where does the rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps muscles originate?
The rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles originates at the ilium.
114
Does the peroneus longus muscle occur across all species?
No, the peroneus longus muscle (fibularis longus muscle) is not present in the horse.
115
What muscle is located immediately distal and lateral to the popliteus muscle?
If you look immediately distal and lateral to the popliteus muscle you will observe the medial head of the deep digital flexor muscle.
116
What is the purpose of the tarsal extensor retinaculum?
The tarsal extensor retinaculum holds the tendon of the long digital extensor muscle in place on the dorsal surface of the metatarsus.
117
Paralysis of the quadriceps femoris muscles can destabilize what joint(s)?
Paralysis of the quadriceps femoris muscles is a very serious handicap. The animal is unable to stabilize the stifle joint, which also causes destabilization of the hock joint, whose movements are linked to those of the stifle joint by the reciprocal mechanism.
118
What is the action of the internal obturator muscle?
The internal obturator muscle rotates the pelvic limb laterally.
119
What is the action of the semimembranosus muscle?
The semimembranosus muscle extends the hip, extends the stifle when the pelvic limb is bearing weight, and flexes the stifle when the pelvic limb is not bearing weight.
120
Where does the sartorius muscle insert?
The sartorius muscle inserts into the patella and the cranial border of the tibia.
121
What is the origin of the peroneus longus muscle?
The peroneus longus muscle (fibularis longus muscle) originates from the lateral collateral ligament and the proximal aspect of the tibia and fibula.
122
What structures pass through the tarsal tunnel?
The medial and lateral plantar nerves along with the tendon of the lateral head of the deep digital flexor muscle pass through the tarsal tunnel.
123
What is the action of the quadratus femoris muscle?
The quadratus femoris muscle rotates the pelvic limb laterally and extends the hip.
124
How many muscle bellies does the semimembranosus muscle have?
The semimembranosus has two muscle bellies of nearly equal size.
125
What muscle does the gastrocnemius muscle envelop?
The two muscular heads of the gastrocnemius muscle essentially envelop the muscular portion of the superficial digital flexor.
126
What is the origin of the iliopsoas muscles?
Both of the muscles that form the iliopsoas muscles originate deep to the abdominal wall, with the psoas major muscle originating from the ventral aspect of lumbar vertebrae and the iliacus muscle originating from the cranioventral ilium.
127
Which head of the quadriceps femoris muscles flex the hip joint?
The rectus femoris muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscle is the only head that flexes the hip joint.
128
What is the insertion of the semimembranosus muscle?
The semimembranosus muscle inserts into the distal and medial aspect of the caudal femur and the medial condyle of the tibia.
129
What muscle group is the main extensor of the stifle joint and therefore essential for weight bearing?
The quadriceps femoris muscles - which is composed of the rectus femoris muscle, vastus lateralis muscle, vastus intermedius muscle, and the vastus medialis muscle - are the group of muscle that are the main extensors of the stifle joint and therefore essential for weight bearing.
130
What is the origin of the biceps femoris muscle?
The biceps femoris muscle originates from the sacrotuberous ligament and the ischiatic tuberosity.
131
What is the origin of the fibularis longus muscle?
The fibularis longus muscle (peroneus longus muscle) originates from the lateral collateral ligament and the proximal aspect of the tibia and fibula.
132
What muscle(s), or muscle complex, extends through the muscular lacuna of the abdominal wall adjacent to the vascular lacuna?
The iliopsoas muscles extend through the muscular lacuna of the abdominal wall adjacent to the vascular lacuna.
133
What is the insertion of the gemelli muscle?
The gemelli muscle inserts into the trochanteric fossa of the femur.
134
What is the insertion of the biceps femoris muscle?
The biceps femoris muscle inserts at the patella, patellar ligament, the cranial border of the tibia via the fascia lata and crural fascia, and the tuber calcanei via the common calcanean tendon.
135
The tendons of which muscles are associated with the intertendinous calcanean bursa?
The intertendinous calcanean bursa runs along the dorsal border of, or is deep to, the superficial digital flexor muscle and the plantar border of, or superficial to, the gastrocnemius muscle.
136
What hold down the tendon of the lateral head of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The flexor retinaculum holds down the tendon of the lateral head of the deep digital flexor muscle as it passes over the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus.
137
Where do the iliopsoas muscles insert?
The iliopsoas muscles insert into the lesser trochanter of the femur.
138
What are the heads of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The deep digital flexor muscle has two heads: Lateral digital flexor muscle, or lateral head of the deep digital flexor muscle Medial digital flexor muscle, or medial head of the deep digital flexor muscle
139
What is the origin of the superficial digital flexor muscle?
The superficial digital flexor muscle originates from the lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur.
140
What is the insertion of the deep gluteal muscle?
The deep gluteal muscle inserts into the greater trochanter of the femur.
141
What is the action of the biceps femoris muscle?
The biceps femoris muscle extends the hip, extends the hock, extends the stifle joint when the pelvic limb is bearing weight, and flex the stifle joint when the pelvic limb is not bearing weight.
142
Where can you palpate a pulse from the femoral artery?
Just caudal to the caudal part of the sartorius muscle and cranial to the pectineus muscle is the femoral triangle, which is where you can palpate a pulse from the femoral artery.
143
What is the origin of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
The tensor fasciae latae muscle originates at the tuber coxae and the aponeurosis of the middle gluteal muscle.
144
What muscles form the reciprocal mechanism of the stifle and hock in the horse?
The superficial digital flexor muscle, gastrocnemius muscle, and the fibularis tertius muscle form the reciprocal mechanism of the stifle and hock in the horse.
145
What are the parts of the adductor muscle?
The adductor muscle is composed of three parts: Adductor magnus muscle Adductor brevis muscle Adductor longus muscle
146
What is the insertion of the gracilis muscle?
The gracilis muscle inserts at the cranial border of the tibia and the tubercalcanei via the common calcanean tendon.
147
Where does the gastrocnemius muscle insert?
The gastrocnemius muscle inserts into the tuber calcanei.
148
Where do the quadriceps femoris muscles insert?
The quadriceps femoris muscles insert into the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament.
149
Where is the insertion of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The deep digital flexor muscle inserts into the plantar aspect of the base of the distal phalanx of digits I, II, III, IV, and V.
150
Where does the iliacus muscle of the iliopsoas muscles insert?
The iliacus muscle of the iliopsoas muscles inserts into the lesser trochanter of the femur.
151
What is the action of the cranial tibial muscle?
The cranial tibial muscle flexes the tarsus and supinates the paw (lateral rotation so the plantar surface faces medially).
152
What are the parts of the sartorius muscle?
The sartorius muscle has two parts: Cranial part of the sartorius muscle Caudal part of the sartorius muscle
153
Where is the insertion of the cranial tibial muscle?
The cranial tibial muscle inserts into the proximal plantar surface of metatarsal I and metatarsal II.
154
Compression of the obturator nerve during parturition can result in what?
Sustained time of the calf in the in the pelvic canal can compress the obturator nerve, which innervates the adductor muscle. This compression can cause paralysis of the adductor muscle following parturition. This condition is common in the cow.
155
Where does the vastus intermedius muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscles originate?
The vastus intermedius muscle of the quadriceps femoris muscle originates from the proximal aspect of the femur.
156
What is the action of the semitendinosus muscle?
The semitendinosus muscle extends the hip joint, extends the hock, and flexes the stifle joint.
157
Which head of the quadriceps femoris muscles extend the stifle joint?
All heads of the quadriceps femoris muscles (rectus femoris muscle, vastus lateralis muscle, vastus intermedius muscle, and vastus medialis muscle) extend the stifle joint.
158
What is the insertion of the superficial gluteal muscle?
The superficial gluteal muscle inserts at the third trochanter of the femur.
159
What is the action of the fibularis longus muscle?
The fibularis longus muscle (peroneus longus muscle) flexes the tarsus and pronates the paw (rotates the paw medially so the plantar surface faces laterally).
160
What is the origin of the popliteus muscle?
The popliteus muscle originates from the lateral condyle of the femur.
161
What is the action of the deep gluteal muscle?
The deep gluteal muscle extends the hip and rotates the pelvic limb medially.
162
Where does the popliteus muscle insert?
The popliteus muscle inserts into the proximal and caudomedial aspect of the tibia.
163
Where does the psoas major muscle of the iliopsoas muscles originate?
The psoas major muscle of the iliopsoas muscles originates from the ventral aspect of the lumbar vertebrae.
164
What is the action of the gracilis muscle?
The gracilis muscle adducts the pelvic limb, flexes the stifle joint, extends the hip joint, and extends the hock.
165
What muscle is located immediately proximal and medial to the medial head of the deep digital flexor muscle on the caudal aspect of the stifle joint?
If you look immediately proximal and medial to the medial head of the deep digital flexor muscle you observe the popliteus muscle.
166
What is the action of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The deep digital flexor muscle flexes the digits and extends the tarsus.
167
What muscle is wedged between the semitendinosus muscle and biceps femoris muscle laterally and the gracilis muscle and adductor muscle medially?
The semimembranosus muscle is wedged between the semitendinosus muscle and biceps femoris muscle laterally and the gracilis muscle and adductor muscle medially.
168
What are the small pelvic association muscles?
The small pelvic association muscles include the: Internal obturator muscle Gemelli muscle Quadratus femoris muscle External obturator muscle
169
What is the action of the sartorius muscle?
The sartorius muscle flexes the hip joint, extends the stifle when the pelvic limb is bearing weight, and flexes the stifle when the pelvic limb is not bearing weight.
170
Where does the peroneus longus muscle insert?
The peroneus longus muscle (fibularis longus muscle) inserts into tarsal bone IV and the plantar aspect of the proximal ends of the metatarsal bones.
171
What is the purpose of the flexor retinaculum?
The flexor retinaculum holds down the tendon of the lateral head of the deep digital flexor muscle as it passes over the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus.
172
What are the parts of the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
The tensor fasciae latae muscle has two parts: Cranial part of the tensor fasciae latae Caudal part of the tensor fasciae latae
