Muscles of the Thoracic Limb Flashcards
(209 cards)
1
Q
Which major flexor of the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint is located on the medial aspect of the brachium?
A
The biceps brachii muscle is located on the medial aspect of the brachium.
2
Q
Why does the ulnaris lateralis muscle flex the carpus despite its origin on the extensor surface of the humerus?
A
The ulnaris lateralis muscle flexes the carpus due to its caudal insertion point.
3
Q
What structure is located within the brachialis groove of the humerus?
A
The brachialis muscle is located within the brachialis groove of the humerus.
4
Q
What is the insertion of the trapezius muscle?
A
The trapezius muscle inserts at the spine of the scapula.
5
Q
What major flexors of the humeroradioulnar (cubital/elbow) joint share a common insertion into the radial tuberosity and ulnar tuberosity?
A
The brachialis muscle has a common insertion with the biceps brachii muscle, as both of these muscles are the major flexors of the elbow (humeroradioulnar/cubital) joint.
6
Q
What is the insertion of the omotransversarius muscle?
A
The omotransversarius muscle inserts at the distal end of the spine of the scapula.
7
Q
What is the insertion of the cleidomastoideus muscle?
A
The cleidomastoideus muscle inserts at the mastoid part of the temporal bone.
8
Q
Where does the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle originate?
A
The medial head of the triceps brachii muscle originates from the tricipital line and the proximal humerus.
9
Q
What is the action of the superficial digital flexor muscle?
A
The superficial digital flexor muscle flexes digits II, III, IV, and V.
10
Q
Where is the aponeurosis of the deep pectoral muscle?
A
The deep pectoral muscle has an aponeurosis extending into the axillary region and then converging with the medial fascia of the brachium.
11
Q
What is the action of the ulnaris lateralis muscle?
A
The ulnaris lateralis muscle abducts the carpus and flexes the carpus.
12
Q
What muscles form the boundaries of the jugular groove?
A
The brachiocephalicus muscle forms the dorsal boundary of the jugular groove. The ventral border of the jugular groove is the sternocephalicus muscle.
13
Q
Where does the teres minor muscle insert?
A
The teres minor muscle inserts into the teres minor tuberosity of the humerus.
14
Q
Where does the deltoideus muscle insert?
A
The deltoideus muscle inserts into the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
15
Q
Where does the extensor carpi radialis muscle insert in the dog?
A
In dogs, the extensor carpi radialis muscle inserts into the dorsal aspect of the metacarpal tuberosities of metacarpals II and III.
16
Q
What is the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle?
A
The biceps brachii muscle inserts into the radial tuberosity and the ulnar tuberosity.
17
Q
What is the origin of the cleidocervicalis muscle?
A
The cleidocervicalis muscle originates from the clavicular intersection.
18
Q
What is the origin of the brachialis muscle?
A
The brachialis muscle originates from the brachialis groove on the proximal and lateral aspect of the humerus.
19
Q
What tendon is held in place by the transverse humeral retinaculum?
A
The transverse humeral retinaculum extends from the freater tubercle of the humerus to the lessertubercle of the humerus over the intertubercular groove, thereby holding the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle in place.
20
Q
The superficial cervical lymph node (prescapular lymph node) is located just cranial to the scapula and at the ventral border of which muscle?
A
The superficial cervical lymph node (prescapular lymph node) is located just cranial to the scapula and at the ventral border of the omotransversarius muscle.
21
Q
What is the action of the triceps brachii muscle?
A
The triceps brachii muscle is essential for weight-bearing, as it maintains extension of the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint. All heads of the triceps of brachii muscle extend the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint, and the long head of the triceps brachii muscle flexes the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
22
Q
What is the origin of the deltoideus muscle?
A
The deltoideus muscle originates from the spine of the scapula and the acromion of the scapula.
23
Q
What is the action of the anconeus muscle?
A
The anconeus muscle extends the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
24
Q
What muscle of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint has a long tendon of origin that is surrounded by a synovial sheath?
A
The tendon of origin of the coracobrachialis muscle is quite long and is surrounded by a synovial sheath.
25
What is the action of the long abductor muscle of the first digit?
The long abductor muscle of the first digit abducts digit I.
26
Where does the ulnaris lateralis muscle insert?
The ulnaris lateralis muscle inserts in the lateral aspect of the proximal end (base) of metacarpal V and the accessory carpal bone.
27
Which flexor of the carpus originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
The ulnaris lateralis muscle originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
28
What is the action of the deltoideus muscle?
The deltoideus muscle flexes the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint).
29
What is the action of the abductor pollicis longus muscle?
The abductor pollicis longus muscle abducts digit I.
30
What is the insertion of the rhomboideus muscle?
The rhomboideus muscle inserts at the dorsal border of the scapula.
31
What is the insertion of the brachiocephalicus muscle?
The brachiocephalicus muscle inserts at the distal end of the cranial humerus, the middorsal fibrous raphe of the neck, and the mastoid part of the temporal bone.
32
What is the action of the supinator muscle?
The supinator muscle rotates the antebrachium laterally so that the palmar surface of the paw faces medially (supination).
33
What is the action of the pronator teres muscle?
The pronator teres muscle rotates the antebrachium medially so that the palmar surface of the paw faces the ground (pronation).
34
What is the origin of the coracobrachialis muscle?
The coracobrachialis muscle originates from the coracoid process of the scapula.
35
What are the parts of the brachiocephalicus muscle?
The brachiocephalicus muscle has two parts:
Cleidobrachialis muscle part of the brachiocephalicus muscle
Cleidocephalicus muscle part of the brachiocephalicus muscle
36
Which muscle of the thoracic limb is the only flexor innervated by the radial nerve?
The ulnaris lateralis retains radial nerve innervation, which makes it the only flexor innervated by the radial nerve.
37
Where does the superficial pectoral muscle insert?
The superficial pectoral muscle inserts at the crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus.
38
What is the insertion of the cleidocephalicus muscle?
The cleidocephalicus muscle inserts at the middorsal fibrous raphe of the neck and the mastoid part of the temporal bone.
39
What is the origin of the trapezius muscle?
The trapezius muscle originates at the median fibrous raphe of the neck and the supraspinous ligament.
40
What is the long tendinous structure, prominant in horses, extending from the biceps brachii muscle to the extensor carpi radialis muscle?
The lacertus fibrosis, or the long tendon of the biceps brachii muscle, is a tendinous structure that is prominant in horses, but also present in weaker ruminants, that extends from the biceps brachii muscle to the extensor carpi radialis muscle.
41
What is the origin of the flexor carpi radialis muscle?
The flexor carpi radialis muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the medial border of the radius.
42
Where does the long abductor muscle of the first digit insert?
The long abductor muscle of the first digit inserts at the proximal end of metacarpal I.
43
What is the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle in the horse?
In the horse, the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor muscle is known as the distal check ligament.
44
Where does the rhomboideus thoracis muscle originate?
The rhomboideus thoracis muscle originates from the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
45
Where does the lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle insert?
The lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle inserts into the olecranon of the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
46
What is the action of the tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle?
The tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle extends the humeroradioulnar (cubital/elbow) joint.
47
What is the insertion of the lateral digital extensor muscle?
The lateral digital extensor muscle inserts into the extensor processes of distal phalanges III, IV, and V.
48
What are the specific parts of the cleidocephalicus muscle in equine species?
The cleidocephalicus muscle has one part in the horse:
Cleidomastoideus muscle part of the cleidocephalicus muscle
49
Which muscle's tendon of origin passes through the greater and lesser tubercles within the intertubercular groove of the humerus?
The tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle passes through the greater and lesser tubercles within the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
50
Where does the serratus ventralis muscle originate?
The serratus ventralis muscle originates from the ribs and the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae.
51
What are the heads of the triceps brachii muscle in the dog?
The dog has four heads of the triceps brachii muscle:
Long head of the triceps brachii muscle
Lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle
Medial head of the triceps brachii muscle
Accessory head of the triceps brachii muscle
52
What is the purpose of the annular ligaments?
The annular ligaments hold down the tendons of the superficial digital flexor muscle and the deep digital flexor muscle.
53
What are the heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?
The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle is made up of the ulnar head of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and the humeral head of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle.
54
What is another name for the interosseus muscle in the horse?
In the horse, there is one interosseus muscle and it is entirely tendinous and is commonly called the suspensory ligament.
55
What is the action of the brachiocephalicus muscle?
The brachiocephalicus muscle advances the limb, extends the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, and draws the head and neck to the side.
56
What is the action of the superficial pectoral muscle?
The superficial pectoral muscle adducts the thoracic limb while the animal is not bearing weight on the limb and prevents abduction of the limb while the animal is bearing weight on the limb.
57
Where does the accessory head of the triceps brachii muscle originate?
The accessory head of the triceps brachii muscle originates from the tricipital line and the proximal humerus.
58
What is the action of the omotransversarius muscle?
The omotransversarius muscle advances the limb and flexes the neck laterally.
59
Where do all of the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits originate from?
All but one (ulnaris lateralis muscle) of the flexor muscles of the carpus and digits originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
60
Which muscle will be encountered when surgically approaching the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint?
The anconeus muscle will be encountered when surgically approaching the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
61
Where does the accessory head of the triceps brachii muscle insert?
The accessory head of the triceps brachii muscle inserts into the olecranon of the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
62
What is the action of the long head of the triceps brachii muscle?
The long head of the triceps brachii muscle flexes the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and extends the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
63
What is the origin of the teres major muscle?
The teres major muscle originates from the caudal angle of the scapula, the caudal border of the scapula, and the subscapularis muscle.
64
Where does the brachialis muscle insert?
The brachialis muscle inserts into the radial tuberosity and ulnar tuberosity.
65
What is the origin of the cleidobrachialis muscle?
The cleidobrachialis muscle originates from the clavicular intersection.
66
What is a fibrous raphe?
A fibrous raphe refers to the fusion of connective tissue structures at the midline of the animal.
67
What are the parts of the deltoideus muscle in the horse?
The deltoideus muscle is not divided in the horse, as the horse lacks an acromion. Therefore, there there is no acromial vs. scapular parts of the deltoideus muscle in the horse.
68
What is the insertion of the common digital extensor muscle in the dog?
The common digital extensor inserts into the extensor processes of distal phalanges II, III, IV, and V.
69
What is the action of the subscapularis muscle?
The subscapularis muscle medially stabilizes the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint by preventing lateral rotation while weight-bearing, adducts the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, and extends the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
70
What is the action of the extensor carpi radialis muscle?
The extensor carpi radialis muscle extends the carpus.
71
What is the insertion of the rhomboideus thoracis muscle?
The rhomboideus thoracis muscle inserts at the dorsal border of the scapula.
72
What is the insertion of the teres major muscle?
The teres major muscle inserts at the teres major tuberosity of the humerus.
73
What is the action of the common digital extensor muscle?
The common digital extensor extends the joints of the four principal digits (digits II, III, IV, and V).
74
Where do all but one extensor muscles of the carpus and digits originate from?
All of the extensor muscles of the carpus and digits, except the extensor carpi radialis, originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
75
What is the action of the brachialis muscle?
The brachialis muscle is one of the major flexors of the elbow.
76
What is the origin of the infraspinatus muscle?
The infraspinatus muscle originates from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
77
What is the origin of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
The latissimus dorsi muscle originates from the thoracolumbar fascia and the last few ribs.
78
What is the action of the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle?
The medial head of the triceps brachii muscle extends the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
79
Where does the superficial pectoral muscle originate?
The superficial pectoral muscle originates from the first three sternebrae and the median fibrous raphe at the ventral midline.
80
What is the origin of the supinator muscle?
The supinator muscle originates at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
81
What are the parts of the rhomboideus muscle?
The rhomboideus muscle has three parts: Rhomboideus capitis muscle Rhomboideus cervicis muscle Rhomboideus thoracis muscle
82
What is the origin of the anconeus muscle?
The anconeus muscle originates from the supracondylar crest of the humerus, the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, and the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
83
What is the insertion of the cleidobrachialis muscle?
The cleidobrachialis muscle inserts at the distal end of the cranial humerus.
84
What is the action of the lateral digital extensor muscle?
The lateral digital extensor muscle extends the joints of digits III, IV, and V.
85
What is the origin of the ulnaris lateralis muscle?
The ulnaris lateralis muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
86
What is the origin of the pronator teres muscle?
The pronator teres muscle originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
87
What extends from interosseous tendon to the dorsal surface of the paw and unites with the tendons of the common digital extensor muscle?
The extensor branches of the interosseous tendon extend to the dorsal surface of the paw and unite with the tendons of the common digital extensor muscle.
88
What are the parts of the deltoideus muscle in the dog?
The deltoideus muscle has two parts:
Scapular part (pars scapularis)
Acromial part (pars acromialis)
89
What is the origin of the tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle?
The tensor fasciae antebrachii originates from the fascia covering the lateral surface of the latissimus dorsi muscle.
90
What muscles are noted as the major flexors of the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint?
The biceps brachii muscle and the brachialis muscle are the major flexors of the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
91
What is the action of the supraspinatus muscle?
The supraspinatus muscle laterally stabilizes the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint by preventing medial rotation while weight-bearing and extends the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
92
What is the origin of the supraspinatus muscle?
The supraspinatus muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula.
93
What is the the origin of the deep pectoral muscle?
The origin of the deep pectoral muscle is the ventral part of the sternum and the median fibrous raphe at the ventral midline.
94
What is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?
The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the caudal, medial aspect of the olecranon.
95
Where does the latissimus dorsi muscle insert?
The latissimus dorsi muscle inserts at the teres major tuberosity of the humerus via the teres major tendon.
96
Where does the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle insert?
The medial head of the triceps brachii muscle inserts into the olecranon of the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
97
Which of the antebrachial muscles originates near the origin of the anconeus muscle?
The extensor carpi radialis muscle originates near the origin of the anconeus muscle.
98
What is the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor muscle seen in the horse?
The horse has a proximal check ligament, which in an accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor muscle.
99
Where does the triceps brachii muscle originate?
The long head of the triceps brachii muscle originates from the caudal border of the scapula. All other heads of the triceps brachii muscle originate from the tricipital line and the proximal humerus.
100
What is the action of the coracobrachialis muscle?
The coracobrachialis muscle is primarily a glenohumeral (shoulder) joint stabilizer, but it can assist other muscles in adduction and/or extension of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
101
Which muscle is the major contributor to the hump seen in Zebu (Braham) cattle?
The rhomboideus muscle is a major contributor of the hump seen in Zebu (Braham) cattle.
102
What is the action of the rhomboideus muscle?
The rhomboideus muscle elevates the limb and draws the scapula against the trunk.
103
What is the origin of the ulnar head of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The ulnar head of the deep digital flexor muscle originates at the caudal border of the ulna.
104
What is the origin of the superficial digital flexor muscle?
The superficial digital flexor muscle originates at the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
105
How many components of the sternocephalicus muscle are present in equine species?
Horses have only one component of the sternocephalicus muscle, which inserts at the mandible. For this reason, the sternocephalicus muscle is oftern referred to as the sternomastoideus muscle.
106
What is the origin of the lateral digital extensor muscle?
The lateral digital extensor muscle originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
107
What is the origin of the omotransversarius muscle?
The origin of the omotransversarius muscle is the transverse process, or the wing, of the atlas (cervical vertebra 1).
108
What is the origin of the humeral head of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The humeral head of the deep digital flexor muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
109
What is another name for the abductor pollicis longus muscle?
The abductor pollicis longus muscle is also referred to as the long abductor muscle of the first digit.
110
What are the eight extrinsic muscles of the canine thoracic limb?
Superficial pectoral muscle
Deep pectoral muscle
Brachiocephalicus muscle
Omotransversarius muscle
Trapezius muscle
Rhomboideus muscle
Latissimus dorsi muscle
Serratus ventralis muscle
111
What are the proximal check ligament's points of attachment?
The proximal check ligament attaches to the distal aspect of the caudal radius and extends to the superficial digital flexor muscle.
112
What is the action of the serratus ventralis muscle?
The serratus ventralis muscle supports the trunk and depresses the scapula.
113
What is the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?
The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle flexes the carpus.
114
What is the action of the teres major muscle?
The teres major muscle flexes the shoulder and medially rotates the thoracic limb.
115
What is the structure developed by two digital flexor muscles and is just distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Just distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint, the superficial digital flexor muscle forms somewhat of a sleeve, called the flexor manica, allowing the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle can pass through.
116
Where does the abductor pollicis longus muscle insert?
The abductor pollicis longus muscle inserts at the proximal end of metacarpal I.
117
What is the insertion of the common digital extensor muscle in the horse?
The horses's common digital extensor inserts into the extensor processes of the coffin bone (distal phalanx).
118
What is the origin of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The deep digital flexor muscle originates from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, the ulna, and the radius.
119
Where does the long head of the triceps brachii muscle originate?
The long head of the triceps brachii muscle originates from the caudal border of the scapula.
120
Where is the insertion of the pronator teres muscle?
The pronator teres muscle inserts at the medial border of the radius.
121
Where does the lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle originate?
The lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle originates from the tricipital line and the proximal humerus.
122
What is the action of the distal annular ligament?
The distal annular ligament hold down the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle at the proximal, palmar aspect of the middle phalanx of the digits.
123
Where does the serratus ventralis muscle insert?
The serratus ventralis muscle inserts into the serrated face of the scapula.
124
What does each tendon of each interosseous muscle encompass?
The tendon of each interosseous muscle divides and each tendon encompasses a sesamoid bone at the level of the palmar surface of the metacarpophalangeal joint.
125
Where does the extensor carpi radialis muscle insert in equine species?
In the horse, the extensor carpi radialis inserts into the large metacarpal tuberosity of metacarpal III.
126
What structures converge with the tendon of the common digital extensor muscle?
The medial brach of the interosseus muscle, lateral branch of the interosseus muscle, and the tendon of the lateral digital extensor muscle converge with the tendon of the common digital extensor muscle.
127
What are the heads of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The deep digital flexor muscle has three heads:
Radial head of the deep digital flexor muscle
Humeral head of the deep digital flexor muscle
Ulnar head of the deep digital flexor muscle
128
What is the origin of the subscapularis muscle?
The subscapularis muscle originates from the subscapular fossa of the scapula.
129
What is the action of the teres minor muscle?
The teres minor muscle laterally stabilizes the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint by preventing medial rotation while weight-bearing, laterally rotates the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, and assists other muscles in flexion of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
130
What are the specific parts of the cleidocephalicus muscle in the canine?
The cleidocephalicus muscle has two parts in the dog:
Cleidocervicalis muscle part of the cleidocephalicus muscle
Cleidomastoideus muscle part of the cleidocephalicus muscle
131
In equine species, what component of the deep pectoral muscle attributes the the gradual transition of the neck to the shoulder?
In the horse, there is an additional pectoral muscle called the subclavius muscle that is considered a component of the deep pectoral musculature. This muscle is rudimentary in the ox, which explains the abrupt transition of the neck to the shoulder in ruminants compared to a more gradual transition in horses.
132
Where does the common digital extensor muscle originate?
The common digital extensor muscle originates form the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
133
What is the action of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The deep digital flexor muscle flexes the digits.
134
What is the action of the pronator quadratus muscle?
The pronator quadratus muscle pronates the antebrachium.
135
What are the specific parts of the cleidocephalicus muscle in equine species?
The cleidocephalicus muscle has one part in the horse:
Cleidomastoideus muscle part of the cleidocephalicus muscle
136
What bursa is associated with the tendon of the infraspinatus muscle?
The tendon of the infraspinatus muscle is affiliated with the subtendinous synovial bursa.
137
Where does the tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle insert?
The tensor fasciae antebrachii inserts at the olecranon of the ulna, in common with the tendon of insertion of the triceps brachii muscle.
138
Where does the rhomboideus cervicis muscle originate?
The rhomboideus cervicis muscle originates from the median fibrous raphe of the neck.
139
Where does the subscapularis muscle insert?
The subscapularis muscle inserts at the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
140
What is the insertion of the rhomboideus capitis muscle?
The rhomboideus capitis muscle inserts at the dorsal border of the scapula.
141
What is the action of the proximal annular ligament?
The proximal annular ligament holds down the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle and the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle at the level of the proximal phalanx of the digits.
142
What accessory structure extends from the greater tubercle to the lesser tubercle over the intertubercular groove of the humerus?
The transverse humeral retinaculum extends from the greater to the lesser tubercle over the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
143
What is the action of the lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle?
The lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle extends the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
144
What tendons do the extensor branches of the interosseous tendon unite with on the dorsal surface of the paw?
The extensor branches of the interosseous tendon extend to the dorsal surface of the paw and unite with the tendons of the common digital extensor muscle.
145
The tendon of origin of the coracobrachialis muscle has what kind of covering?
The tendon of origin of the coracobrachialis muscle is surrounded by a synovial sheath.
146
Which head of the triceps brachii crosses the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?
The long head of the triceps brachii muscle is the only one to cross the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
147
What is the origin of the radial head of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The radial head of the deep digital flexor muscle originates from the medial border of the radius.
148
What are the sesmoidean ligaments in the equine thoracic limb?
The horse has three pairs of sesmoidean ligaments:
Straight sesmoidean ligament
Oblique sesmoidean ligament
Cruciate sesmoidean ligament
149
What is noted as a very thin muscle on the medial aspect of the brachium?
The tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle is a very thin muscle on the medial aspect of the brachium.
150
Where does the supinator muscle insert?
The supinator muscle inserts in the cranial aspect of the proximal radius.
151
What is a raphe?
A raphe is a line where two halves a structure fuse together in bilateral organisms.
152
What are the parts of the superficial pectoral muscle?
There are two parts of the superficial pectoral muscle: Pectoralis transversus of the superficial pectoral muscle
Pectoralis descendens of the superficial pectoral muscle
153
What is the "digging muscle"?
The latissimus dorsi muscle is a primary contributor to the action of digging.
154
What connects the parts of the trapezius muscle?
The cervical part and thoracic part of the trapezius muscle are connected by an aponeurosis dorsally that attaches both parts of the trapezius muscle to the spine of the scapula.
155
Where does the rhomboideus muscle originate?
The rhomboideus muscle originates from the nuchal crest of the occipital bone (base of the skull), the median fibrous raphe of the neck, and the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae.
156
Where is the insertion of the flexor carpi radialis?
The flexor carpi radialis inserts on the palmar surface of the proximal aspect (base) of metacarpal II and metacarpal III.
157
How many heads does the triceps brachii muscle have?
In the dog, the triceps brachii muscle has four heads. In large animals, there is only three heads.
158
What muscle covers the olecranon fossa?
The anconeus muscle covers the olecranon fossa.
159
What is the origin of the biceps brachii muscle?
The biceps brachii muscle originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
160
What is the origin of the long abductor muscle of the first digit?
The long abductor muscle of the first digit originates from the lateral and cranial border of the ulna and the interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna.
161
What is the approximate location of the flexor manica?
The flexor manica is located on the palmar aspect of the thoracic forelimb, just distal to the metacarpophalangeal joint.
162
What is the origin of the cleidocephalicus muscle?
The cleidocephalicus muscle originates from the clavicular intersection.
163
Where does the long head of the triceps brachii muscle insert?
The long head of the triceps brachii muscle inserts into the olecranon of the ulna.
164
What is the origin of the extensor carpi radialis muscle?
The extensor carpi radialis muscle originates from the lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus.
165
What is the origin of the abductor pollicis longus muscle?
The abductor pollicis longus muscle originates from the lateral border of the ulnar, the cranial border of the ulna, and the interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna.
166
Upon observation and palpation of a dog, you can clearly define the edges of the spine of the scapula. What muscle(s) have atrophied and what has/will likely be affected by this?
If the spine of the scapula is visibly evident and palpable, the supraspinatus muscle and infraspinatus muscle are likely atrophied. Atrophy of these muscles will weaken the stability of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
167
Where is the pronator quadratus muscle located?
The pronator quadratus muscle is located within the space between the radius and ulna bones.
168
What action(s) is/are impossible to occur in large animals due to the fusion of the radius and ulna?
Since the radius and ulna are fused, large animals are unable to supinate and pronate the throacic limb.
169
What is the function of the transverse humeral retinaculum?
The transverse humeral retinaculum holds the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle in place as it passes between the greater tubercle of the humerus and the lesser tubercle of the humerus within the intertubercular groove.
170
What tendons of which muscle(s) converge within the carpal canal?
The tendons of the three heads (radial, humeral, and ulnar heads) of the deep digital flexor muscle converge within the carpal canal as the deep digital flexor tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle.
171
What is another name for the sternocephalicus muscle in the horse?
Due to the sternocephalicus muscles's insertion at the mandible in the horse, the sternocephalicus muscle is oftern referred to as the sternomandibularis muscle.
172
Which muscle's proximal aspect is located on the lateral side of the brachium then wraps around the humerus within a groove to the cranial aspect of the humerus?
The proximal aspect of the brachialis muscle is located on the lateral side of the brachium then wraps around the humerus within the brachialis groove to the cranial aspect of the humerus.
173
Which tendon joins with the tendon of the teres major muscle?
The tendon of the latissimus dorsi muscle joins with the tendon of the teres major muscle.
174
What is the action of the infraspinatus muscle?
The infraspinatus muscle laterally stabilizes the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint by preventing medial rotation while weight-bearing, abducts the limb, laterally rotates the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, and assists other muscles in the extension or flexion of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
175
What is the insertion of the supraspinatus muscle?
The supraspinatus muscle inserts into the greater tubercle of the humerus.
176
What condition is seen in the horse in the image? What causes this condition?
The horse in the picture has a "flying scapula", which can result from damage or loss of innervation, leading to myopathy of the serratus ventralis muscle.
177
What muscle lies deep to the deep digital flexor tendons and covers the palmar surfaces of the four main metacarpal bones?
The four interosseous muscles lie deep to the deep digital flexor tendons and cover the palmar surfaces of the four main metacarpal bones.
178
What are the parts of the serratus ventralis muscle?
The serratus ventralis has two parts:
Cervical part (pars cervicalis muscle)
Thoracic part (pars thoracis muscle)
179
What is the action of the palmar annular ligament?
The palmar annular ligament holds down the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle and the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint.
180
What is the origin of the cleidomastoideus muscle?
The cleidomastoideus muscle originates from the clavicular intersection.
181
Where does the anconeus muscle insert?
The anconeus muscle inserts into the proximal and lateral aspect of the ulna.
182
What are the parts of the trapezius muscle?
The trapezius muscle has two parts:
Cervical trapezius muscle
Thoracic trapezius muscle
183
What is the action of the accessory head of the triceps brachii muscle?
The accessory head of the triceps brachii muscle extends the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
184
Where does the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle insert?
The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle inserts into the accessory carpal bone.
185
What is the action of the deep pectoral muscle?
The deep pectoral muscle pulls the trunk cranially when the limb is advanced and fixed, extends the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, and draws the limb caudally when it is not supporting weight.
186
What is the insertion of the rhomboideus cervicis muscle?
The rhomboideus cervicis muscle inserts at the dorsal border of the scapula.
187
What is the action of the biceps brachii muscle?
The biceps brachii muscle extends the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint and is a major flexor of the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
188
Where does the triceps brachii muscle insert?
All heads of the triceps brachii muscle insert into the olecranon of the ulna.
189
What is the origin of the teres minor muscle?
The teres minor muscle originates at the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and the distal caudal border of the scapula.
190
What is the origin of the brachiocephalicus muscle?
The brachiocephalicus muscle originates from the clavicular intersection.
191
Which of the heads of the triceps brachii muscles cross the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint?
All of the heads of the triceps brachii muscle cross the cubital (humeroradioulnar/elbow) joint.
192
What is the insertion of the cleidocervicalis muscle?
The cleidocervicalis muscle inserts at the middorsal fibrous raphe of the neck.
193
Where does the rhomboideus capitis muscle originate?
The rhomboideus capitis muscle originates from the nuchal crest of the occipital bone (base of the skull).
194
What is the insertion of the superficial digital flexor muscle?
The superficial digital flexor muscle inserts on the palmar surface of the proximal aspect (base) of the middle phalanges of digits II, III, IV, and V.
195
Where does the coracobrachialis muscle insert?
The coracobrachialis muscle inserts at the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus near the teres major tuberosity.
196
Where is the insertion of the infraspinatous muscle?
The infraspinatus muscle inserts into the lateral side of the greater tubercle of the humerus.
197
What are the parts of the triceps brachii muscle in large animals?
Large animals have three parts of the triceps brachii muscle:
Long head of the triceps brachii muscle
Medial head of the triceps brachii muscle
Lateral head of the triceps brachii muscle
198
What is the action of the flexor carpi radialis?
The flexor carpi radialis flexes the carpus.
199
What is often referred to as the "sling muscle" and why?
The serratus ventralis muscle is often referred to as the "sling muscle", as it acts as a sling in supporting the weight of the trunk between the two "posts" of the thoracic limb.
200
What is the action of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
The latissimus dorsi muscle draws the limb caudally and flexes the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
201
What is another name for the long abductor muscle of the first digit?
The long abductor muscle of the first digit is also known as the abductor pollicis longus muscle.
202
What is the purpose of the flexor manica?
The flexor manica allows the deep digital flexor muscle to pass through the superficial digital flexor muscle, which is a necessary change in orientation since the superficial digital flexor muscle inserts proximally to the deep digital flexor muscle.
203
What is the action of the trapezius muscle?
The trapezius muscle elevates and abducts the limb.
204
What is embedded in the tendon of insertion of each interosseous muscle?
There are two proximal sesamoid bones embedded in the tendon of insertion of each interosseous muscle.
205
What are the specific accessory structures that hold down the tendons of the superficial digital flexor muscle and the deep digital flexor muscle?
The annular ligaments hold down the tendons of the superficial digital flexor muscle and the deep digital flexor muscle. These annular ligaments are:
Palmar annular ligament
Proximal digital annular ligament
Distal digital annular ligament
206
What is the insertion of the deep pectoral muscle?
The deep pectoral muscle inserts at the lesser tubercle of the humerus, greater tubercle of the humerus, and crest of the humerus.
207
Which of the antebrachial muscles has the most proximal origin?
The extensor carpi radialis muscle has the most proximal origin of all the antebrachial muscles.
208
What is the insertion of the deep digital flexor muscle?
The deep digital flexor muscle inserts at the flexor tubercle (palmar surface of the base) of the distal phalanx of each digit.
209
What are the points of insertion of the distal check ligament?
The dital check ligament extends from the proximal end of the palmar aspect of metacarpal III to the tendon of the deep digital flexor muscle.
