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Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 > Muscles of the upper limb > Flashcards

Muscles of the upper limb Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Pectoralis major - insertion

A
  • The distal attachment of both heads is into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.
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2
Q

Pec major - origin

A

Clavicular head – originates from the anterior surface of the medial clavicle.
Sternocostal head – originates from the anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.

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3
Q

Pec major - function

A

Adducts and medially rotates the upper limb, and draws the scapula anteroinferiorly. The clavicular head also acts individually to flex the upper limb.

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4
Q

Innervation of pec major

A
  • Lateral and medial pectoral nerves
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5
Q

Pec minor - insertion

A
  • Coracoid process of the scapula
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6
Q

Pec minor - origin

A
  • 3rd-5th ribs
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7
Q

Pec minor - function

A

Stabilised the scapula by drawing it anteroinferiorly against the thoracic wall

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8
Q

Pec minor - innervation

A
  • Medial pectoral nerve
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9
Q

Serratus anterior - insertion

A

They attach to the costal (rib facing) surface of the medial border of the scapula.

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10
Q

Serratus anterior - origin

A

The muscle consists of several strips, which originate from the lateral aspects of ribs 1-8

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11
Q

Serratus anterior - function

A

Rotates the scapula, allowing the arm to be raised over 90 degrees. It also holds the scapula against the ribcage.

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12
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles

A

The rotator cuff muscles are a group of four muscles that originate from the scapula and attach to the humeral head

The rotator cuff muscles are supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapsularis and teres minor

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13
Q

Supraspinatus - origin

A
  • Originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula
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14
Q

Supraspinatus - insertion

A
  • Attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus
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15
Q

Supraspinatus - innervation

A
  • Suprascapular nerve
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16
Q

Supraspinatus - action

A
  • Abducts the arm 0-15 degrees, and assists deltoid for 15-90 degrees
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17
Q

Infraspinatus - origin

A
  • Originates from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula
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18
Q

Infraspinatus - insertion

A
  • Attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus
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19
Q

Infraspinatus - innervation

A
  • Suprascapular nerve
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20
Q

Infraspinatus - action

A
  • Lateral rotation of the arm
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21
Q

Subscapularis - origin

A
  • Originates from the subscapular fossa, on the costal surface of the scapula
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22
Q

Subscapularis - insertion

A
  • It attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus
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23
Q

Subscapularis - innervation

A
  • Upper and lower subscapular nerves
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24
Q

Subscapularis - action

A
  • Medial rotation of the arm
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25
Teres minor - origin
- Originates from the posterior surface of the scapula, adjacent to its lateral border
26
Teres minor - insertion
- It attaches to the greater tubercle of the humerus
27
Teres minor - innervation
- Axillary nerve
28
Teres minor - action
- Lateral rotation of the arm
29
Teres major - origin
- Originates from the posterior surface of the inferior angle of the scapula
30
Teres major - insertion
- It attaches to the medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
31
Teres major - innervation
- Lower subscapular nerve
32
Teres major - action
- Adducts at the shoulder and medially rotates the arm
33
Deltoid - origin
- Originates from the scapula and clavicle
34
Deltoid - insertion
- Attaches to the deltoid tuberosity on the lateral surface of the humerus
35
Deltoid - innervation
- Axillary nerve
36
Deltoid - Action
Anterior fibres - flexion + medial rotation Posterior fibres - extension + lateral rotation Middle fibres - The major abductor of the arm (takes over from the supraspinatus, which abducts the first 15 degrees)
37
Arterial supply to the anterior compartment of the upper arm
- Brachial artery
38
Biceps brachii - origin
Long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, and the short head originates from the coracoid process of the scapula
39
Biceps brachii - insertion
Both heads insert distally into the radial tuberosity and the fascia of the forearm via the bicipital aponeurosis
40
Biceps brachii - function
Supination of the forearm. It also flexes the arm at the elbow and at the shoulder
41
Biceps brachii - innervation
Musculocutaneous nerve | The bicep tendon reflex tests spinal cord segment C6.
42
Coracobrachialis - origin
- Originates from the coracoid process of the scapula | - The muscle passes through the axilla
43
Coracobrachialis - insertion
- Attaches the medial side of the humeral shaft, at the level of the deltoid tubercle
44
Coracobrachialis - function
- Flexion of the arm at the shoulder, and weak adduction
45
Coracobrachialis - innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve
46
Brachialis - origin
- Originates from the medial and lateral surfaces of the humeral shaft
47
Brachialis - insertion
- Inserts into the ulna tuberosity, just distal to the elbow joint
48
Brachialis - function
- Flexion at the elbow
49
Brachialis - innervation
- Musculocutaneous nerve, with contributions from the radial nerve
50
Arterial supply to the posterior compartment of the upper arm
- Profunda brachii artery
51
Triceps brachii - origin
Long head – originates from the infraglenoid tubercle. Lateral head – originates from the humerus, superior to the radial groove. Medial head – originates from the humerus, inferior to the radial groove
52
Triceps brachii - insertion
Distally, the heads converge onto one tendon and insert into the olecranon of the ulna
53
Triceps brachii - function
Extension of the arm at the elbow
54
Triceps brachii - innervation
- Radial nerve | - A tap on the triceps tendon tests the spinal segment C7
55
Muscles of the forearm
- Flexors of wrist and digits(anterior) | - Extensors of wrist and digits (posterior)
56
What are the thenar muscles
The thenar muscles are three short muscles located at the base of the thumb. The muscle bellies produce a bulge, known as the thenar eminence. They are responsible for the fine movements of the thumb. The median nerve innervates all the thenar muscles.
57
What are the hypothenar muscles
The hypothenar muscles produce the hypothenar eminence – a muscular protrusion on the medial side of the palm, at the base of the little finger. These muscles are similar to the thenar muscles in both name and organisation. The ulnar nerve innervates the muscles of the hypothenar eminence
58
Features of the vertebral column
- Bipedalism - Shock absorption - Flexibility
59
Purpose of ligaments
- Reinforce and stabilise joints | - Limit range of movement
60
What do the anterior longitudinal ligaments resist
- Resists hyperextension
61
What do the posterior longitudinal ligaments and ligamentum flava resist
- Resists hyperflexion
62
Which ligament is damaged during whiplash
- Anterior longitudinal ligament
63
Purpose of intervertebral joints and discs
- Intervertebral joints for weight bearing and strength | - Secondary cartilaginous --fibrocartilage--> 'shock absorbers'
64
What happens to disc thickness down the vertebral column
- Disc thickness increases down the vertebral column
65
What do intervertebral discs consist of
- Nucleus pulposus (core - semi fluid) | - Annulus fibrosus (outer - strong)
66
Effect of disc protrusion/NP herniation
- Can impinge on nerves
67
Effects of joint angles on movement
Cervical (slightly slope) - flexion/extension/rotation Thoracic(near vertical) - Rotation only Lumbar(wrapped) - Flexion/extension only
68
Effect of facet joint degeneration
- Degeneration of facet joints can cause back pain
69
What are the muscles of the back divided into
Extrinsic muscles(move upper limbs/ribs) - Superficial and intermediate Intrinsic muscles(postural/move vertebral column) - Deep
70
What are the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back separated by
- Separated by thoracolumbar fascia
71
Function of trapezius
- Rotates scapula
72
Function of latissimus dorsi
- Adducts/extends/medially rotates arm
73
Purpose of levator scapulae
- Elevates scapula
74
Purpose of rhomboids (minor and major)
- Retracts scapula
75
3 layers of deep back muscles
1. Splenius - most superficial (in neck) 2. Erector spinae - Main group 3. Multifidus - very deep
76
Origin of erector spinae muscles
- Erector spinae aponeurosis
77
Location of the 3 erector spinae muscle blocks
- Within groove between the spinous processes and angles of the ribs
78
3 muscle blocks - erector spinae
Spinales - to spinous processes Longissimus - to transverse processes Iliocostalis - to ribs
79
Purpose of the multifidus
- Extend/rotate/stabilise vertebral column
80
Where does the anterior primary ramus extend
- Extrinsic muscles (mainly cervical rami)
81
Were does the posterior primary ramus extend
- Intrinsic muscles

Year 2 - T3 Theme 2 (17 decks)

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