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muscoskeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

whats 3 organisations of bone

A

epiphysis, metaphysis, diaphysis

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2
Q

whats periosteum

A

outer fibro-cellular sheath surrounding bone for health and repair

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3
Q

whats endosteum

A

thin inner fibro-cellular layer lining medullary cavity

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4
Q

whats articular cartilage

A

covers epiphysis to absorb shock and reduce friction

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5
Q

whats perforating sharpeys fibres

A

fibres attaching periosteum to the bone (these are very big and strong when attaching to tendons/ligaments)

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6
Q

whats the axial skeletons main functions

A

haemotopoesis, support/protection

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7
Q

whats appendicular skeletons main functions

A

movement, fat storage

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8
Q

whats in ecm of bones

A

fibres - collagen type 1 (thickest and strongest) - resists tension
ground substance - hydroxyapatite - resists compression
cells - osteo

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9
Q

whats osteogenic cells

A

rise from mesenchyme embryonic ct and are on periosteum and endosteum. Normally not active

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10
Q

whats osteoblasts

A

rise from osteogenic cells and are found wherever new bone is being formed. secretes components of bone matric like osteiods which becomes mineralized through the deposition of calcium and phosphate

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11
Q

composition of osteoids

A

70% collagen and rest is proteoglycans other proteins and water

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12
Q

whats osteocytes

A

rise from osteoblasts and reside in lacunae and extend out canaliculi to communicate with other bone cells.

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13
Q

whats osteoclasts

A

Their primary role is to resorb bone, which involves breaking down the mineralized bone matrix and releasing calcium and other minerals into the bloodstream. This process is essential for bone remodeling

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14
Q

howships lacunae

A

moves along the surface absorbing tissue, packaging, dissolving then exocytosing them

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15
Q

how does appositional growth occur

A

osteogenic cells divide to form osteoblasts that deposit osteoid. some osteoblasts become trapped in lacunae to form osteocytes. osteoid is fully calcified

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16
Q

how does bone resorption occur

A

monocyte precusor leaves blood vessels to fuse on bone surface. osteoclasts form and dissolve bone. osteoclasts die and process stops. blood vessels grow into new space

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17
Q

whats interstitial growth

A

occurs in softer tissues and divides cells inside tissue to secrete more ecm and grow tissue from within

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18
Q

bone remodelling is simultaneous?

A

appositional growth and bone resorption are independant events

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19
Q

whats endochondral ossification

A

grows bone lengthwise by cartilage resorption

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20
Q

composition of mature/lamellar bone

A

layers of spongey and cortical in alternating 90 degrees to increase strength

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21
Q

primary osteon formation

A

osteoblasts in active periosteum go on either side of existing blood vessel to form bone and wrap around it (now becomes endosteum). Endosteum builds lamellae outwards forming new osteon (has to be <0.4mm)

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22
Q

secondary osteon formation

A

secondary ostens are made in existing bone. osteoclasts gather where new bone is to be made and makes a tunnel in existing bone (called cutting cone). osteoblasts move in to line wall and deposit osteoid to get calcified and produce lamellae and then blood vessel grows into this space

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23
Q

whats a cement line

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A

outermost lamella of new osteon and preexisting bone. rich in glycoproteins

24
Q

what way does canuliculi grow

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A

cant be pushed into existing bone only in direction the bone is growing

25
3 types of joints
synarthosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
26
synarthrosis
immovabile joint with high stability and low movement (for growth and force transmission) mainly axial skeleton
27
amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable - medium stability and medium movement (force transmission)
28
diarthrosis
free moveable with low stability and high movement (movement) mainly appendicular skeleton
29
synovial joints
type of diarthrosis (highly moveable joint)
30
4 features of synovial joints
1. articular cartilage 2. articular capsule (fibrous layer, synovial membrane) 3. joint cavity containing 4. synovial fluid
31
whats articular cartilage
specialised hyaline cartilage (type of ct) degradation of this leads' to arthritis
32
composition of articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage is composed of a matrix that contains a high proportion of collagen fibers (mostly type II), proteoglycans/GAGSs, and water. Cells = chondrocytes
33
PG structure
repeating dissacharide units have negative charges from sulfate groups.
34
loading cycle of articular cartilage (when cartilage is subjected to forces)
-ve charge due to disaccharide units attracts positive ions from joint space. inc in ion conc in matrix. creates osmotic pressure to draw water into matrix, cartilage swells. eventually swelling force = tensional force so cartilage stops swelling. when load is introduced the fluid component (water and + ions) push back out into joint space. loss of fluid reduces volume of cartilage and -ve charges push together.
35
articular capsule
connects bones together but not too hard to restrict movement but tight enough to protect from damage. Has vessels and nerves. Composed of outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane
36
fibrous layer
outer layer of dense ct. to resist tensional forces
37
synovial membrane
inner layer of loose ct. lines all non-articular surfaces. subdivided into intima and subintima
38
function of a muscle
convert atp into mechanical energy movement, stability, communication, control of body openings and passages, heat production
39
whats myotendinous junction
muscle fibres connect to tendons
40
whats osteotendinous junctions
tendon tissue attaches to bone
41
whats origin
attachment that moves the least during contraction
42
whats insertion
attachment that moves the most during contraction
43
myofibril
many sarcomeres. I band shortens when sarcomeres contract pulling Z disks together
44
myocyte
bundle of myofibrils. Good at conducting APs, lots of mitochondria -myoglobin (o2)
45
fasicle
bundle of myocytes covered in endomysium (loose irregular ct and contains nerves and capillaries)
46
muslce
bundle of fasicles covered in epimysium (top layer) and perimysium (under top layer) both are dense irregular ct
47
order of layers
( skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, ) muscle, epimysium, perimysium, fasicle, endomysium, myocyte, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, myofibril
48
deep fascia and compartmentalisation
muslces supplied by same nerve or similar actions are grouped together in compartments. Deeper walls = investing fascia (intermuscular septa, interosseous membrane). Investing fascia fuses with periosteum of bone
49
hyperplasia
tissue or organ increases in size due to increase in cell number. skeletal muscles dont undergo hyperplasia
50
hypertrophy
inc in muscle size due to inc in myocytes. myocytes inc in diameter as more myofibrils are packed into each muscle cell. Factors that stimulate this is heavy resistance training or use of anabolic steroids
51
whats anabolic steroids
variant of testosterone. increases protein synthesis. has side effects due to no feedback system
52
atrophy
muscles decrease in size due to reduction of myofibrils and can usually be reversed. Muscle loss is replaced by fat and ct. If muscle loss is due to hypoplasia (loss of myocyte) this is hard to reverse
53
whats myoblasts (satellite cells)
myocytes are created by fusion of myoblasts but not all of the myocytes fuse some are lie beside muscle fibres (outside sarcolemma but within bm). Satellite cells are the only ones that can divide and fuse with each other
54
4 major functions of ct layers (epi, peri, endo)
provide scaffolding, medium for blood vessels and nerves to reach myocytes, prevent excessive stretching, distribute forces generated by contraction
55
whats desmin
protein that holds z lines together
56
whats the protein complex containing dystrophin
z lines of outermost myofibrils are attached to sarcolemma and surrounding bm and endomysium. For strengthening and transmitting contractile forces

med 2 (4 decks)

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