renal

Question 1

function of kidneys

Answer 1

collects fluis from blood through filtration and selectively returns substances to blood or tissue fluid, changing its composition

Question 2

3 connective tissue layers

Answer 2

renal capsule - physical barrier, maintains shape
adipose capsule - padding, maintains position of kidneys
renal fascia - anchors kidney to surroundings

Question 3

path of urine drainage

Answer 3

nephron, collecting duct, papillary duct, calyx (collects urine), renal pelvis (basin), ureter, urinary bladder

Question 4

whats glomerulus

Answer 4

tiny network of capillaries located at the beginning of a nephron (in the cortex). It plays a crucial role in the filtration of blood to form urine

Question 5

blood supply of kidney via efferent arteriole in cortex

Answer 5

feeds cells of nephrons. gas exchange occurs in peritubular capillaries. venous blood travels through interlobar veins > arcuate vein > exit through renal vein

Question 6

blood supply of kidney via efferent arteriole in medulla

Answer 6

feeds cells in medulla and travels down through descending vasa recta gas exchange occurs in peritubular capillaries

Question 7

3 layers of filtration in glomerulus

Answer 7

fenestrated epithelium - blocks rbs
basal lamina of glomerulus - blocks large proteins
slit membrane - blocks medium proteins
small proteins pass through all
blocks proteins are phagocytosed

Question 8

go over the diagrams

Question 9

whats main function of kidney

Answer 9

to maintain constant internal environment -
regulate water and electrolyte balance, blood pressure and volume, maintain blood osmolarity

Question 10

hypertonic and hypotonic

Answer 10

solution with higher POsm - water leaves causing shrinkage
solution with lower POsm - water moves in causing swelling

Question 11

whats fluid distribution for a male

Answer 11

60% fluid of which 2/3 is intracellular (tissue cells) and 1/3 is extracellular
of 1/3 extracellular 80% is interstitial fluid and 20% is plasma (blood)

Question 12

electrolyte distribution in the body

Answer 12

due to Na/ K pumps theres high amounts of K+ in the cell and low Na+ and Cl- whereas outside of the cell theres low K+ and high Na+ and Cl-

Question 13

where is Na+, K+ high in

Answer 13

Na -blood and interstitial fluid and low in intracellular fluid
K - high in intracellular fluid low in blood and interstitial fluid

Question 14

how does kidneys selectively return substances back to blood (what occurs in nephron)

Answer 14

as majority of fluid is reabsorbed from tubules back to extracellular fluid and then removed via vasa recta

Question 15

urine production

Answer 15

Blood enters the kidneys and is filtered in the glomerulus.
Waste, water, and small molecules are pushed into a capsule, forming filtrate. filtrate moves through the nephron, essential substances (like water, glucose, and certain ions) are reabsorbed back into the bloodIn the loop of Henle and collecting duct, water is further reabsorbed, making the urine more concentrated

Question 16

What is the equation used to calculate the amount of a substance (X) excreted in the urine?

Answer 16

excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion

Question 17

whats glomerular filtration

Answer 17

Glomerular filtration is the first step in the process of urine formation in the kidneys. It involves the filtering of blood to form a fluid called glomerular filtrate, which eventually becomes urine. This process takes place in the glomeruli, which are tiny networks of capillaries located in the nephron

Question 18

whats major force pushing fluid and solutes out of glomerular capillaries

Answer 18

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 19

equation for net filtration pressure

Answer 19

NFP = glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (inside capillary) - capsular hydrostatic pressure - blood colloid osmotic pressure

Question 20

changing resistance in afferent and efferent arterioles has no effect on systemic pressure

Answer 20

because theres parallel flow

Question 21

what to do when GFR needs to be stabilised by keeping bp the same

Answer 21

constrict afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 22

what increases GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

Answer 22

atrial natriuretic peptide (stretches atria to stimulate ANP) increases surface area for for filtration. Na+ into urine

Question 23

what decreases GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

Answer 23

myogenic mechanism, tubuloglomerular, feedback, neural regulation, hormone regulation angiotensin II

Question 24

renal pressure is proportional to urine output

Answer 24

inc bp = inc urine output

Question 25

whats macula densa

Answer 25

senses sodium content

Question 26

what happens if theres too much sodium

Answer 26

slows down, reduces NO and constricts afferent to promote reabsorption

Question 27

tubuloglomerular feedback

Answer 27

inc GFR > inc asc limb > inc tubular Na+, Cl-, water content sensed by macula densa > juxtaglomerular apparatus decreases NO release, afferent arteriole vasoconstriction

Question 28

whats Juxtaglomerular (or Juxtamedullary) Nephrons and Cortical Nephrons

Answer 28

2 main nephrons in kidney

Question 29

Juxtaglomerular nephrons are for what

Answer 29

Juxtaglomerular nephrons have long loops of Henle that extend deep into the medulla. This allows for greater concentration of urine

Question 30

cortical nephrons are for what

Answer 30

dilute urine

Question 31

whats proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 31

reabsorbing a significant portion of the filtrate produced by the glomerulus. has brush border to inc SA 60% glomerular filtrate 60% NaCl and water 100% glucose

Question 32

whats descending loop of henle for

Answer 32

highly permeable to water as it only moves water

Question 33

whats thick ascending limb for

Answer 33

absorbs Na+, K+, Cl-, by the time it gets to top of the loop its very dilute as water is impermeable

Question 34

what happens in loop of henle

Answer 34

filtrate becomes more conc as it loses water, blood removes water from loop of henle

Question 35

whats Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 35

hormone produced by the hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It promotes the reabsorption of water back into the bloodstream, reducing urine output and concentrating the urine. This is achieved by increasing the permeability of the collecting duct cells to water through the insertion of aquaporin channels.