Muscular Anatomy

Question 1

What is skeletal muscle?

Answer 1

connected to bones
provides force to move a joint

Question 2

What is cardiac muscle?

Answer 2

allows the heart to pump blood around the body

Question 3

What is smooth muscle?

Answer 3

found in digestive, urinary, and circulatory systems

Question 4

What are myofibrils?

Answer 4

thin fibers running the length of muscle that make up muscle fibers

Question 5

What are agnostic and antagonist muscles?

Answer 5

muscles that work together to provide movement - usually on opposite sides of a limb
ex. biceps and triceps

Question 6

What is concentric contraction?

Answer 6

when the muscle shortens.

Question 7

What is eccentric contraction?

Answer 7

when the muscle lengthens

Question 8

Skeletal muscle parts (biggest to smallest)

Answer 8

Muscle fiber
myofibril
sarcomere
actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments)

Question 9

What is an isometric contraction?

Answer 9

when the muscle is contracted but still

Question 10

What is the central nervous system?

Answer 10

the brain and spinal cord
the control center of the nervous system

Question 11

what is the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 11

made up of nerves that connect the extremities to the CNS

Question 12

What do nerve cells or neurons do?

Answer 12

carry nerve signals throughout the body

Question 13

What do sensory neurons do?

Answer 13

carry info and sensations from the body to the CNS

Question 14

What do motor neurons do?

Answer 14

carry info back to muscles to generate a response

Question 15

What are propioceptors?

Answer 15

specialized sensory receptors in joints, muscles, and tendons
sensitive to tension and pressure
sends messages to CNS to maintain muscle tone and provide coordinated movements

Question 16

What is a muscle spindle?

Answer 16

one type of proprioceptor
provides info about the length of muscle fiber and how quickly it changes

Question 17

What are Golgi tendon organs?

Answer 17

one type of proprioceptor
activated when the attached muscle is stretched - the purpose is to prevent excessive stress on joints by activating when the muscle contracts

Question 18

What is synergist muscle?

Answer 18

assists the agonist in creating movement or stabilizes the movement to make it more efficient and aligned.

Question 19

The 2 fiber types of skeletal muscle are…

Answer 19

slow twitch and fast twitch

Question 20

Describe slow twitch.

Answer 20

best suited for endurance work because they have a greater ability to use oxygen and resist fatigue.
-contain higher amounts of mitochondria
- produce a smaller amount of force
- work aerobically

Question 21

Describe fast twitch.

Answer 21

best for exercises that require short, intense bursts of activity.
- have the ability to produce and use ATP more quickly
- produce great force but fatigue quickly
- work anaerobically

Question 22

3 factors related to strength.

Answer 22

muscle size
muscle length
speed of contraction

Question 23

Describe muscle size

Answer 23

the force a muscle can create is related to its size

Question 24

Describe muscle length

Answer 24

potential to create the greatest force is when muscles are at resting length because actin and myosin filaments lie next to each other and all potential cross bridges are exposed.

Question 25

Speed of contraction for concentric muscle actions.

Answer 25

max force achieved with slower contractions

Question 26

Speed of contraction for eccentric muscle actions

Answer 26

greater force with faster contractions.

Question 27

Neural control leads to great force by...

Answer 27

more motor units involved motor units are bigger rate of firing is faster

Question 28

Early gains can be attributed to what?

Answer 28

neuromuscular adaptation as the brain learns how to tell muscles to generate more force

Question 29

What is the agonist muscle?

Answer 29

the muscle that provides most of the tension

Question 30

What is the antagonist muscle?

Answer 30

the muscle that performs the opposite movement

Question 31

Describe muscle strength.

Answer 31

the maximum amount of force a muscle can generate.

Question 32

Describe muscle power.

Answer 32

the explosive aspect of strength. product of strength and speed of movement

Question 33

Describe muscle endurance.

Answer 33

ability of a muscle to exert force repeatedly over time.

Question 34

The rotator cuff is described by SITS. Which is?

Answer 34

Supraspinatus, infrapinatus, teres minor, sub-scapularis

Question 35

Stabilizers are composed primarily of?

Answer 35

slow twitch muscle fibers that produce continuous force with little to no ROM

Question 36

How long do "beginner gains" last?

Answer 36

approx 8 weeks.

Question 37

Movement of the Trapezius (shoulder girdle)

Answer 37

upper -Elevation middle - adduction or retraction lower - depression and upward rotation and stability of the scapula

Question 38

Movement of the Levator Scapulae (shoulder girdle)

Answer 38

elevation of the scapula

Question 39

Movement of the Rhomboids major and minor (shoulder girdle)

Answer 39

adduction or retraction of scapula

Question 40

Movement of Pectoralis minor (shoulder girdle)

Answer 40

depression and abduction or protraction of the scapula

Question 41

Movement of Serratus Anterior (shoulder girdle)

Answer 41

Abduction or protraction and upward rotation of the scapula moving scapula anteriorly against the chest wall

Question 42

Movement of Pectoralis major (shoulder)

Answer 42

flexion, adduction, internal rotation, horizontal adduction

Question 43

Movement of Deltoid - anterior, medial, posterior (shoulder)

Answer 43

abduction, external rotation assists in flexion, extension, horizontal abduction

Question 44

Movement of Coracobrachialis (shoulder)

Answer 44

flexion, adduction

Question 45

Movement of Teres Major (shoulder)

Answer 45

adduction, extension, internal rotation

Question 46

Movement of Latissimus Dorsi (shoulder)

Answer 46

extension, adduction, internal rotation

Question 47

Movements of Triceps Brachii (shoulder and elbow)

Answer 47

extension elbow extension

Question 48

Movement of Biceps Brachii (shoulder and elbow)

Answer 48

flexion elbow flexion supination of forearm

Question 49

Movement of the Brachialis (elbow)

Answer 49

elbow flexion

Question 50

Movement of the Pronator Teres (elbow)

Answer 50

pronation of forearm

Question 51

Movement of Brachioradialis (elbow)

Answer 51

Elbow flexion pronation and supination of the forearm

Question 52

Movement of Anconeus (elbow)

Answer 52

elbow extension

Question 53

Movement of Supinator (elbow)

Answer 53

supination of forearm

Question 54

Movement of Psoas Major (hip)

Answer 54

Hip flexion

Question 55

Movement of Iliacus (hip)

Answer 55

hip flexion

Question 56

Movement/members of Adductor group (hip)

Answer 56

hip flexion -adductor longus -adductor magnus -adductor brevis -gracilis -pectineus

Question 57

Movement of Tensor Fasciae Latae (hip)

Answer 57

Hip flexion, abduction, medial rotation

Question 58

Movement of Rectus Femoris (hip)

Answer 58

Hip Flexion

Question 59

Movement of the Sartorius (hip)

Answer 59

hip flexion, lateral rotation

Question 60

Movement of Gluteus Medius (hip)

Answer 60

hip extension, abduction

Question 61

Movement of Gluteus Maximus (hip)

Answer 61

hip extension

Question 62

Movement and members of Hamstrings (hip and knee)

Answer 62

hip extension, knee flexion -biceps femoris -semitendinosus -semimembranosus

Question 63

Movement and members of Quadriceps (knee)

Answer 63

knee extension -rectus femoris -vastus lateralis -vastus medialis -vastus intermedius

Question 64

Movement of Plantaris (knee)

Answer 64

knee flexion

Question 65

Movement of Popliteus (knee)

Answer 65

knee flexion

Question 66

Movement of Gastrocnemius (knee)

Answer 66

knee flexion

Question 67

Movement of Tibialis Anterior (ankle)

Answer 67

dorsiflexion, inversion

Question 68

Movement of Tibialis Posterior (ankle)

Answer 68

plantar flexion, inversion

Question 69

Movement of Gastrocnemius and Soleus (ankle)

Answer 69

Plantar flexion

Question 70

Movement of Rectus Abdominis (core)

Answer 70

spinal flexion, posterior pelvic tilt

Question 71

Movement of Internal Oblique (core)

Answer 71

spinal rotation, lateral flexion, posterior pelvic tilt

Question 72

Movement of External Oblique (core)

Answer 72

Spinal rotation, lateral flexion, posterior pelvic tilt

Question 73

Movement of Transversus Abdominis (core)

Answer 73

internal stability

Question 74

Movement of Erector Spinae (core)

Answer 74

spinal extension

Question 75

Movement of Quadratus Lumborum (core)

Answer 75

lateral flexion