Muscular Force

Question 1

Force

Answer 1

An influence applied by one object to another, which results in the acceleration or deceleration of the second object

Question 2

Length- Tension Relationship

Answer 2

The resting length of a muscle & the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length

Question 3

Actin

Answer 3

The thin, stringlike, myofilament that acts along with myosin to produce muscular contraction

Question 4

Myosin

Answer 4

The thick myofilament that acts along with actin to produce muscular contraction

Question 5

Sarcomere

Answer 5

The structural unit of a myofibril composed of actin & myosin filaments between two Z- lines

Question 6

Muscle Balance

Answer 6

When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length- tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position

Question 7

Altered Length- Tension Relationship

Answer 7

When a muscle’s resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce

Question 8

Reciprocal Inhibition

Answer 8

When an agonist receives signal to contract, its functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it to lengthen

Question 9

Muscle Imbalance

Answer 9

When muscles on each sides of a joint have altered length- tension relationships

Question 10

Neutral Position

Answer 10

The optimal resting position of a joint that allows it to function efficiently through its entire normal range of motion

Question 11

Stretch- Shortening Cycle

Answer 11

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction

Question 12

Series Elastic Component

Answer 12

Springlike non-contractile component of muscle & tendon that stores elastic energy

Question 13

Amortization Phase

Answer 13

The transition from eccentric loading to concentric unloading during the stretch- shortening cycle

Question 14

Stretch Reflex

Answer 14

Neurological signal from the muscle spindle that causes a muscle to contract to prevent excessive lengthening

Question 15

Integrated Performance Paradigm

Answer 15

To move with efficiency, forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), & then accelerated (concentrically)

Question 16

Force- Velocity Curve

Answer 16

Describes the inverse relationship between force & velocity and refers to a muscles ability to produce tension at differing contraction velocities

Question 17

Tendon

Answer 17

A fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

Question 18

Force- Couple Relationship

Answer 18

The synergistic action of multiple muscle working together to produce movement around a joint

Question 19

Muscles can only pull on their respective bones, true or false?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Local Muscular System

Answer 20

Generally attach on or near the vertebrae & serves the primary purpose of stabilizing the trunk. Also known as the stabilization system of the core

Question 21

Joint Support Systems

Answer 21

Muscular stabilization systems located in joints distal (farthest) of the spine

Question 22

Global Muscular System

Answer 22

Comprised of larger muscles that initiate movements & tend to function across one or more joints. Commonly referred to as the movement system

Question 23

Subsystems of the Global Muscular System:

Answer 23

Deep longitudinal subsystem (LDS), posterior oblique subsystem (POS), anterior oblique subsystem (AOS), & lateral subsystem (LS)

Question 24

Deep Longitudinal Subsystems (DLS)

Answer 24

Erector spinae, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus. Includes muscles of the lower legs, hamstrings, & lower back region.

Question 25

Posterior Oblique Subsystems (POS)

Answer 25

Latissimus dorsi, sacroiliac joint, & gluteus maximus. This is made up of the latissimus dorsi, thoracolumbar fascia (connective tissue of the low-back), & contralateral gluteus maximus and can be seen to form an “X” across the sacroiliac joint, creating stabilization.

Question 26

Anterior Oblique Subsystem (AOS)

Answer 26

Similar to the POS but on the anterior side of the body, includes external obliques, adductors (inner) thigh muscles, & the hip external rotators. The obliques & contralateral (opposite) adductors make the “X” visualization.

Question 27

Lateral Subsystem (LS)

Answer 27

Includes the quadratus lumborum, gluteus medius (lateral hip), tensor fascia latae, & adductors (adductor magnus) (medial thigh muscles). All side-to-side movements

Question 28

Levers

Answer 28

Rigid bar (bone) that pivots around a stationary pivot point (fulcrum). Fulcrum is the axis point, bones are the levers, muscles create the motion (effort), resistance is weight or body part.

Question 29

First- Class Levers

Answer 29

Fulcrum (stationary pivot point) in the middle. Effort- Fulcrum- Resistance F-R-E-1-2-3

Question 30

Second- Class Lever

Answer 30

Resistance (weight or body weight) in the middle, with fulcrum (pivot point) & effort (motion) on either side. Fulcrum- Resistance- Effort F-R-E-1-2-3

Question 31

Third- Class lever

Answer 31

``` Effort (motion) is in the middle, between fulcrum (pivot point) & resistance (weight or body part), most limbs operate as 3rd- class levers. Fulcrum- Effort- Resistance F-R-E-1-2-3 ```

Question 32

Rotary Motion

Answer 32

Movement of the bones around the joints

Question 33

Torque

Answer 33

A force that produces rotation; common unit of measurement is the Newton meter (Nm)