Muscular System Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
Prime mover (agonist)
A
major responsibility for producing specific movement
2
Q
antagonist
A
opposes or reverses movement
prime mover and antagonist are located on opposite sides of joint across which they act
3
Q
synergist
A
helps prime movers
adds extra force to same movement
reduces undesirable or unnecessary movement
4
Q
fixator
A
synergist that immobilizes bone or muscle’s origin
gives prime mover stable base on which to act
5
Q
coronal plane
A
anterior and posterior
6
Q
sagittal plane
A
medial and lateral
7
Q
transverse plane
A
superior and inferior
8
Q
proximal
A
near to the approximate centre of mass
some reference point further from the centre of mass
9
Q
distal
A
distant from the approximate centre of mass
10
Q
a muscle that crosses on the anterior side of a joint produces…
A
flexion
11
Q
a muscle that crosses on the posterior side of a joint produces…
A
extension
12
Q
a muscle that crosses on the lateral side of a joint produces….
A
abduction (moving up and away)
13
Q
a muscle that crosses on the medial side of a joint produces…
A
adduction
14
Q
protraction vs retraction
A
protraction - forward motion, jaw juts forward
retraction - backward motion, jaw juts backward
15
Q
dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion
A
dorsiflexion - foot arches upward
plantar flexion - foot arches downward
16
Q
inversion vs eversion
A
inversion - inside of the foot sticking up
eversion - outside of the foot sticking up
17
Q
circular fascicle arrangement
A
fascicles arranged in concentrate rings
18
Q
convergent fascicle arrangement
A
broad origin; fascicles converge toward single tendon insertion
19
Q
fusiform fascicle arrangement
A
spindle-shaped muscles with parallel fibers
20
Q
parallel fascicle arrangements
A
fascicles parallel to long axis of strap-like muscles
21
Q
pennate fascicle arrangement
A
short fascicles attach obliquely to central tendon running length of muscle
22
Q
unipennate
bipennate
multipennate
A
unipennate: fascicles attach only to one side of tendon
bipennate: fascicles insert on opposite sides of tendon
multipennate: appears as feathers inserting into one tendon
23
Q
components of a lever system:
lever
effort
load
A
lever - bone that moves on a fixed point (joint)
effort - force applied to move the load
load - the resistance moved by the effort (the weight of the object)
24
Q
power versus speed
A
levers allow given effort to move heavier load or to move load farther or faster
mechanical advantage (power level): load is close to fulcrum, with effort fair from fulcrum - small effort can move large load
mechanical disadvantage (speed lever): load is far from fulcrum, with effort close to fulcrum - load moved rapidly over large distance
25
what is the equation for the lever systems
effort x length of effort arm = load x length of load arm
force x distance = resistance x distance
26
first class lever system
fulcrum is between load and effort
| seesaw, scissors
27
second class lever
load is between fulcrum and effort
(wheelbarrow, standing on toes)
Load is in the middle
28
third class lever
effort is applied between fulcrum and load
(tweezers, most skeletal muscles)
effort in the middle
29
epicranius
main muscle for facial expression
has frontal belly (frontalis) and occipital belly
connected by the epicranial aponeurosis
allows us to raise eyebrows
30
corrugator supercilli
o: arch of frontal bone
i: skin of eyebrow
a: draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly
* *angry eyebrows
31
orbicularis oculi
o: frontal and maxillary bone
i: eyelid
a: closes eye
* *blinking
32
zygomaticus:
has major and minor
o: zygomatic bone
i: mouth
a: raises lateral corners of mouth
* *smile
33
risorius
o: masseter muscle
i: mouth
a: draws corner of lips laterally
* *laughter
34
levator labii superioris
o: zygomatic bone and maxilla
i: upper lip
a: opens lip
35
depressor labii inferioris
o: mandible
i: lower lip
a: draws lower lip inferiorly
36
depressor anguli oris
o: mandible
i: mouth
a: draws corners of mouth down and laterally
37
orbicularis oris
o: maxilla and mandible
i: mouth
a: closes lips
* *pucker
38
mentalis
o: mandible
i: chin
a: wrinkles chin (pout)
39
buccinator
o: maxilla and mandible
i: orbicularis oris
a: compresses cheek
40
platysma
o: chest
i: mandible and mouth
a: tenses skin of neck
41
happy facial expression muscles
levetator labii superioris
zygomaticus minor and major
risorius
42
sad facial expression muscles
mentalis
depressor labii inferioris
depressor anguli oris
43
what are the muscles of mastication?
*all invervated by cranial nerve V
temporalis and masseter: prime movers of jaw closure
Pterygoids: grinding movements
buccinator: chewing role
44
what are the muscles promoting tongue movements?
genioglossues
hypoglossus
styloglossus
45
masseter
o: zygomatic bone
i: mandible
a: jaw closure
46
temporalis
o: temporal fossa
i: mandible
a: closes jaw
47
medial pterygoid
o: spheniod bone, maxilla
i: mandible
a: protract the mandible and promote side-to-side movement
48
lateral pterygoid
o: sphenoid bone
i: mandible
a: forward sliding and side-to-side grinding movements, protracts mandible
49
genioglossus
o: mandible
i: hyoid bone
a: protracts tongue
50
hypoglossus
o: hyoid bone
i: tongue
a: depresses tongue
51
styloglossus
o: temporal bone
i: tongue
a: retracts and elevates tongue
52
suprahyoid muscles
form floor of oral cavity
anchor tongue
elevate hyoid bone
move larynx during swallowing
53
infrahyoid muscles
depress hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing and speaking
54
epiglottis
closes over larynx while muscles in walls of pharynx propel food forward to stomach
55
digastric
o: mandible and temporal bone
i: hyoid bone
a: open mouth and depress mandible
56
stylohyoid
o: temporal bone
i: hyoid bone
a: elevates and retracts hyoid
57
mylohyoid
o: mandible
i: hyoid bone
a: elevate hyoid bone and floor of mouth
58
geniohyoid
o: mandibular
i: hyoid bone
a: pulls hyoid bone superiorly and anteriorly
59
sternohyoid
o: manubrium and clavicle
i: hyoid bone
a: depresses larynx and hyoid bone if mandible is fixed
60
sternothyroid
o: manubrium
i: thyroid cartilage
a: depresses larynx and hyoid bone
61
omohyoid
o: scapula
i: hyoid bone
a: depresses and retracts hyoid bone
62
thyrohyoid
o: thyroid cartilage
i: hyoid bone
a: depresses hyoid bone or elevates larynx if hyoid is fixed
63
superior, middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
o: mandible, hyoid bone, laryngeal
i: pharynx
a: contract pharynx during swallowing
64
suprahyoid bone vs infrahyoid bones
Suprahyoid bones (GSDM)
- Geniohyoid
- Digastric
- Stylohyoid
- Mylohyoid
Infrahyoid (TOSS)
- Thyrohyoid
- Omohyoid (superior)
- Omohyoid (inferior)
- Sternyhyoid
- Sternothyroid
65
what are the 2 functional groups of the head and neck?
anterolateral neck muscles: move head
intrinsic muscles: extend trunk and maintain posture
66
sternocleidomastoid
- two headed muscle
o: manubrium and clavicle
i: temporal bone and occipital bone
a: flexes and laterally rotates the head
67
scalenes
o: cervical vertebrae
i: first 2 ribs
a: elevate first 2 ribs
68
splenius
consists of capitis and cervicis
o: ligamentum nuchae, vertebrae C7-T6
i: temporal and occipital bone (capitis)
C2-C4 vertebrae (Cervicis)
a: extend head
69
ligamentum nuchae
ligament extending from occipital bone to cervical vertebrae
inhibits excessive head and neck flexion
70
erector spinae muscles
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
- prime mover of back extension
- full flexion if relaxes
- extension is initiated by hamstring muscles of thighs and gluteus maximus muscles
71
iliocostalis
consists of lumborum, thoracis, cervicis
*lateral
o: iliac crest (lumborum), ribs (thoracis), ribs (cervicis)
i: ribs (lumborum and thoracis), cervical vertebrae (cervicis)
a: extend and laterally flex the vertebral column
72
longissimus
consists of thoracis, cervicis, and capitis parts
*intermediate
o: lumbar to cervical vertebrae
i: thoracic or cervical vertebrae and ribs
capitis inserts into the temporal bone
a: extend adn laterally flex vertebral column, extends head and turns face
73
spinalis
consists of thoracis and cervicis *medial
o: lumbar and thoracic vertebrae
i: thoracic and cervical
a: extends vertebral column
74
semispinalis
consists of thoracis, cervicis, capitis
O: C2-T12
I: occipital bone (capitis), cervical (cervicis), thoracic vertebrae (thoracis)
a: extends vertebral column and head and rotates them to opposite sides
75
quadratus lumborum
o: iliac crest
i: lumbar vertebrae
a: forced inspiration
76
transversospinalis muscles
rotatores
- in and around transverse process
- insert 1 full vertebrae up
- full length of the spine
- stabilization of the spine
multidifidus
- o: transverse process of vertebrae
- i: spinous process of vertebrae
runs the entire length of vertebrae
77
external intercostals
o: inferior ribs
i: superior ribs
a: pulls ribs toward one another to elevate rib cage
(fibers going down)
78
internal intercostals
o: superior rib
i: inferior rib
a: draws ribs together and depress rib cage
(fibers going up)
79
diaphragm
o: rib cage, sternum, costal cartilages
i: central tendon
a: prime mover of inspriation
80
rectus abdominus
o: pubic crest
i: xiphoid process and ribs
a: flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column
81
external oblique
forms inguinal ligament
o: ribs
i: linea alba and iliac crest
a: flex vertebral column and compress abdominal wall, rotates trunk and flex laterally
82
internal oblique
o: lumbar and iliac crest
i: linea alba, pubic crest, ribs
a: same as external oblique
83
transversus abdominus
o: lumbar
i: linea alba, pubic crest
a: compresses abdominal contents
84
functions of the pelvic diaphragm
seals inferior outlet of pelvis
supports pelvic organs
lifts pelvic floor to release feces
resists increased intra-abdominal pressure
85
levator ani
pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus
o: inside pelvis
i: coccyx
a: supports and maintains pelvic organs
86
coccgeus
small triangular muscle
o: spine of ischium
i: sacrum and coccyx
a: supports pelvic organs
87
actions of the superficial muscles of anterior and posterior thorax
elevation, depression, rotation, lateral and medial movements, protraction, retraction
act in combination to fix shoulder girdle
88
pectoralis minor
o: ribs 3-5
i: scapula
a: with ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and downward
89
serratus anterior
o: ribs 1-8
i: scapula
a: rotates scapula
90
subclavius
o: costal cartilage of rib 1
i: clavicle
a: stabilize and depress pectoral girdle
91
trapezius
o: occipital bone, C7, thoracic vertebrae
i: scapula and clavicle
a: stabilizes, elevates, retracts and rotates scapula
92
levator scapulae
o: C1-C4
i: scapula
a: elevator and adduct scapula
93
rhomboids
consists of major and minor
o: C7 and T1 (minor), and T2-T5 (major)
i: scapula
a: stabilize scapula
94
what are the 3 prime movers of arm?
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
deltoid
95
rotator cuff muscles
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
96
pectoralis major
o: clavicle, sternum, ribs 1-6, external oblique
i: humerus
a: clavicular part, sternal part
97
deltoid
o: clavicle and scapula
i: humerus
a: prime mover of arm
- anterior fibers active: flex and rotate arm medially
- posterior fibers active: lateral rotation of arm
98
latissimus dorsi
o: thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, ribs 3-4, iliac crest, scapula
i: humerus
a: prime mover of arm extension
99
subscapularis
o: scapula
i: humerus
a: medial rotator of arm
100
supraspinatus
o: scapula
i: humerus
a: initiates abduction of arm
101
infraspinatus
o: scapula
i: humerus
a: rotate arm laterally
102
teres minor
o: scapula
i: humerus
a: same as infraspinatus
103
teres major
o: scapula
i: humerus
a: extends, medially, rotates and adducts arm
104
coracoid brachialis
o: scapula
i: humerus
a: flexes and adducts arm
105
triceps brachii
o: long head: scapula, lateral head: humerus, medial head: humerus
i: ulna
a: prime mover is medial head, long and lateral head extend the forearm
106
aconeus
o: humerus
i: ulna
a: may control ulnar abduction during forearm pronation
107
biceps brachii
has 2 heads
o: scapula
i: radial tuberosity
a: flexes and supinates arm
108
brachialis
o: humerus
i: ulna
a: major forearm flexor
109
brachioradialis
o: humerus
i: radius
a: flexing forearm
110
anterior and posterior muscle characteristics of the wrist, hand, fingers
anterior muscles are flexors and insert via flexor retinaculum
posterior muscles are extensors, insert via extensor retinaculum
111
actions of the muscles of the forearm
movement of wrist, fingers, thumb, pronation and supination of forearm
112
pronator teres
o: humus and ulna
i: radius
a: pronates forearm
113
flexor carpi radialis
o: humerus
i: metacarpals
a: flexor and abductor of hand
114
palmaris longus
o: humerus
i: palmar aponeurosis
a: tenses skin and fascia of palm
115
flexor carpi ulnaris
o: humerus and ulna
i: metacarpal
a: powerful flexor and adductor
116
flexor digitorum superficialis
o: humerus, ulna, radius
i: second to fifth fingers
a: flexes wrist and middle phalanges of second to fifth fingers
117
flexor pollicis longus
o: radius
i: thumb
a: flexes distal phalanx of thumb
118
flexor digitorum profundus
o: ulna
i: second to fifth fingers
a: flexes distal interphalangeal joints
119
pronator quadratus
o: ulna
i: radius
a: pronation
120
extensor carpi radialis longnus
o: humerus
i: metacarpals
a: extends hands
121
extensor carpi radialis brevis
o: humerus
i: metacarpals
a: extends hand
122
extensor digitorum
also called extensor digiti minimi
o: humerus
i: second to fifth fingers
a: prime mover of finger extension
123
extensor carpi ulnaris
o: humerus and ulna
i: metacarpal
a: extends hands and adducts
124
supinator
o: humerus and ulna
i: proximal end of radius
a: assist biceps brachii to forcibly supinate forarm
125
abducor pollicis longus
o: radius and ulna
i: first metacarpal
a: abducts and extends thumb
126
extensor pollicis brevis and longus
o: radius and ulna
i: thumb
a: extends thumb
127
extensor indicis
o: ulna
i: index finger
a: extends index finger
128
iliopsoas - iliacus
o: iliac fossa and crest
i: femur
a: flexing thigh
129
iliopsoas - psoas major
o: lumbar vertebrae and T12
i: femur
a: flexes vertebral column, flex thigh
130
sartorius
longest muscle in the body
o: iliac spine
i: tibia
a: flexes, abducts, laterally rotates thigh
131
gluteus maximus
o: dorsal ilium, sacrum, coccyx
i: femur, iliotibial tract
a: extensor of thigh, most effective when thigh is flexed
132
gluteus medius
for intramuscular injections
o: ilium
i: femur
a: abducts and medially rotates thigh, walking, holding pelvis in
133
gluteus minimus
deepest gluteal muscle
o: ilium
i: femur
a: same as medius
134
piriformis
o: sacrum
i: femur
a: rotates thigh laterally, help abduct
135
obturator externus
o: margins of obturator foramen
i: femur
a: same as piriformis
136
obturator internus
o: obturator foramen
i: greater trochanter
a: piriformis
137
gemellus
has superior and inferior
o: ischial spine
i: femur
138
quadratus femoris
o: ischial tuberosity
i: femur
a: rotates thigh laterally
139
quadriceps femoris
common insertion tendon - quadriceps tendon which inserts into patella and then patellar ligament
140
rectus femoris
o: iliac spine
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: extends leg and flexes thigh at hip
141
vastus lateralis
o: linea aspera (femur)
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: extends and stabilizes leg
142
vastus medialis
o: linea aspera (femur)
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: extends leg
143
vastus intermedius
o: femur shaft
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: extends leg
144
tensor fascia lata
o: femur shaft
i: patella and tibial tuberosity
a: steadies the leg and trunk on thigh by making iliotibial tract
145
hamstrings
cross both the hip and knee joints
| thigh extension and knee flexion
146
biceps femori
o: ischial tuberosity (long head) and femur (short head)
i: fibula and tibia
a: extends thigh and flexes leg
147
semitendinosous
largely tendinous
o: ischial tuberosity
i: tibia
a: extends thigh and flexes leg
148
semimembranosous
deep to semitendinosous
o: ischial tuberosity
i: tibia
a: extends thigh and flexes leg
149
adductor
three muscles
- adductor magnus
- adductor longus
- adductor brevis
150
adductor magnus
o: ischial and pubic rami
i: femur
a: adducts and medially rotates and flexes thigh
151
adductor longus
o: pubis
i: linea aspera (femur)
a: adducts, flexes and medially rotates thigh
152
adductor brevis
o: pubic ramus
i: linea aspera (femur)
a: adducts, flexes, medially rotates thigh
153
pectineus
o: pubis
i: femur
a: adducts, flexes, medially rotates thigh
154
gracilis
o: pubis
i: tibia
a: adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates leg
155
anterior lower leg muscles
primary toe extensors and ankle dorsiflexions
156
tibialis anterior
o: tibia
i: first metatarsal bone
a: dorsiflexion, inverts foot
157
extnesor digitorum longus
o: tibia and fibula
i: second to fifth toes
a: toe extension and dorsiflexion
158
fibularis tertius
o: fibula
i: fifth metatarsal
a: dorsiflexes and everts foot
159
extensor hallucis longus
o: fibula
i: great toe
a: extends great toe, dorsiflexes foot
160
fibularis longus
o: fibula
i: first metatarsal
a: plantar flexes and everts foot
161
fibularis brevis
deep to longus
o: fibula
i: fifth metatarsal
a: plantar flexes and everts foot
162
triceps surae
refers to both gastrocnemius and soleus
| inserts via a common tendon of the calcaneous or achilles tendon
163
gastrocnemius
two prominent bellies
o: 2 heads of femur
i: calcaneus
a: plantar flexes foot, flexes knee
164
soleus
o: tibia and fibula
i: gastrocnemius
a: plantar flexes foot, walking, running, dancing
165
plantaris
o: femur
i: calcaneus
a: flex leg, plantar flex foot
166
popliteus
o: femur
i: tibia
a: flexes and rotates leg medially
167
flexor digitorum longus
o: tibia
i: second to fifth toes
a: plantar flexes and inverts foot, flexes toe
168
flexor hallucis longus
o: fibula
i: great toe
a: plantar flexes, inverts, flexes great toe
