Skeleton (Axial) Flashcards by Emily Logan

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

80 bones

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What are the 3 major regions of the axial skeleton?

skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage

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What are the 2 divisions of the skull?

cranial bones (cranium)
facial bones

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What is the function of the cranial cavity?

enclose brain in cranial cavity
provides site of attachment for head and neck muscles
cranial vault - calvaria
cranial base - made up of 3 cranial fossae

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What is the function of the facial bones?

framework of the face 
anchor facial muscles 
sites of attachment for teeth and muscles 
cavities for special sense organs 
openings for air and food passage

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What are the 3 fossae of the cranium?

anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa

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What are the 8 bones of the skull?

frontal bone 
parietal bones 
occipital bone
temporal bones
sphenoid 
ethmoid

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What is the foramen magnum?

the passage of the spinal cord through the occipital bone

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What are the 3 major regions of the temporal bone?

squamous region

zygomatic profess
mandibular fossa

petrous region

mastoid process
styloid process

tympanic region
- external acoustic meatus

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Carotid canal (of the temporal bone)

for the internal carotid artery

smaller holes to the jugular foramen

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stylomastoid foramen

for the facial nerve CN VII

near the styloid and mastoid process

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internal acoustic meatus

for facial nerve (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VII) nerves

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jugular foramen

larger holes on the side of the foramen magnum

for internal jugular vein and CN IX, X, XI

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what is the function of the mastoid air cells?

to lighten the skull

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what are the 3 processes on the sphenoid bone?

lesser wings
greater wings 
pterygoid processes 
- medial pterygoid plates
- lateral pterygoid plates

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Where is the sella tucica

part of the sphenoid bone

looks like the vertebral column of the sphenoid

contains the hypophyseal fossa

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what are the 5 sphenoid bone passageways?

superior orbital fissure (control eye movement)

optic canal (for optic nerve)

foramen rotundum (for trigeminal nerve)

foramen ovale (for trigeminal nerve)

foramen spinosum (for middle meningeal artery)

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what are some of the characteristics of the ethmoid bone?

deepest skull bone
contributes to the medial wall of orbits
superior part of nasal septum, roof of nasal cavities, and 2 nasal conchae

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Where is the cribriform plate and what is the function?

in the ethmoid bone
for the olfactory foramina

the crista galli is also a part of the cribriform plate - attaching dura mater

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what are the characteristics of the mandible?

lower jaw
largest, strongest bone of the face
contains sockets for lower teeth

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what 2 bones form the temporomandibular joint?

the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle of the mandible

**only freely moveable skull joint

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what are the 2 main points of the mandible?

mandibular condyle - where the jaw connects to the skull

mandibular angle - the jaw line

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what are the 2 points of the maxillary bones?

palatine process - the top palette of the mouth (medially fused to form the upper jaw)

maxillary sinus (in the cheeks but closer to the nose)

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zygomatic bones

has the zygomatic arch - the cheek bones

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nasal bones

forms the bridge of the nose and attaches to nose cartilage

lacrimal bones

form the medial orbital walls lacrimal fossa houses lacrimal sac

Vomer bone

plow shaped | lower part of nasal septum

palatine bones

L-shaped bones posterior 1/3 of hard palate psterolateral walls of nasal cavity

inferior nasal conchae

form parts of lateral walls of nasal cavity the superior nasal concha and middle nasal concha are part of the ethmoid bone

hyoid bone

**not really a skull bone does not articulate directly with another bone - anchored by ligaments acts as a moveable base for tongue and site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech C3 vertebrae

paranasal sinuses function

mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in skull bones Functions: - warm and humidify air - lighten skull - enhance vocal response

what are the 4 paranasal sinuses

frontal sinus (frontal bone) ethmoidal air cells sphenoidal sinus (posterior to ethmoid) maxillary sinus (in the cheeks but close to the nose)

what are the 5 major sutures of the cranium?

``` coronal suture squamous suture pterion sagittal lambdoid ```

what bones form the coronal suture

frontal and parietal

what bones form the squamous suture

parietal and temporal bones

what bones form the pterion?

frontal parietal occipital temporal

what bones form the sagittal suture?

between the 2 parietal bones (left and right)

what bones form the lambdoid suture?

parietal and occipital

which bones make up the hard pallet?

maxilla and palantine

what bones form the zygomatic arch?

maxilla, zygomatic, temporal

fetal skull main points

- the infant skull has more bones than the adult skull - fetal skull is connected by 4 fontanels 1. anterior fontanel 2. posterior fontanel 3. mastoid fontanel 4. sphenoidal fontanel

What is the function of the vertebral column?

extends from the skull to pelvis transmits the weight of trunk to lower limbs surrounds and protects spinal cord formed from 26 bones serves as attachment site for muscles of neck and back held in place by ligaments

body of the vertebrae

disc shaped, weight bearing region

vertebral arch

composed of both pedicles and laminae

vertebral foramina

make up the vertebral canal for spinal cord

Where are the pedicles vs laminae of the vertebrae?

pedicles are closest to the body lamina is between the 2 processes

transverse vs spinous processes

transverse - project laterally spinous - project posteriorly

superior and inferior articular processes (with facets)

protrude superiorly and inferiorly from pedicle-lamina junctions

intervertebral foramina

lateral openings for passage of spinal nerves

what is the nucleus pulposus

inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility (Intervertebral disc) no IV discs between C1 and C2

what is the annulus fibrosus?

surrounds nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of collagen and fibrocartilage

cervical vs thoracic vs lumbar

cervical - 7 bones thoracic - 12 bones lumbar - 5 bones

sacrum vs coccyx

the sacrum is 5 fused vertebrae, whereas the coccyx is 3-5 fused vertebrae (Tail bone) coccyx is made up of 3-5 fused vertebrae articulates superiorly with sacrum serves little function

thoracic cage function

protects vital organs of thoracic cavity supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs provides attachment sites for many muscles

what is the thoracic cage composed of

thoracic vertebrae sternum ribs and costal cartilages

what is the sternum made up of

manubrium - articulates with clavicles and costal cartilages of ribs 1-2 body - costal cartilages of robs 2-7 xiphoid process: not ossified until age 40

anatomical landmarks of the sternum

``` jugular notch (top notch of the sternal angle xiphisternal joint (in between the xiphoid process and body) ```

how many true ribs are there

there are 7 true ribs that attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages

how many false ribs are there?

there are 3 false ribs that attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage of rib 7

how many floating ribs are there

there are 2 floating ribs with no anterior attachment

what are the spaces between each rib called?

intercostal spaces

what are the landmarks of a typical true rib?

``` head articular facets neck tubercle angle costal groove ```

is the bumpy or smooth/flat end of the rib connect to the vertebrae?

the head of the rib connects to the vertebrae (back) and the flat/smooth end is at the ribs (your ribs are not bumpy but your back is)

what pair of ribs is atypical?

first pair