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BPK Modules 7-12 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

When do you use muscles

A

All the time

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2
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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3
Q

The main function of the muscle system

A

Movement of the body, maintenance of posture, respiration, production of body heat, communication, constriction of organs and vessels, contractions of the heart

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

long, cylindrical muscles attached to the bones that allow for voluntary and involuntary movement

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5
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Spindle-shaped muscles that moves food through the digestive track, empties the bladder, regulates blood vessel diameter and contracts glands

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6
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Branched muscles of the heart that contracts to pump blood

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7
Q

Contractility

A

the muscle’s ability to forcefully shorten or passively lengthen

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction

A

movement

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle contraction

A

increases pressure in heart

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10
Q

Smooth muscle contraction

A

increases organ pressure

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11
Q

Excitability

A

muscles responding to stimulus

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle excitability

A

stimulus to contract comes from nerves

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13
Q

Smooth and cardiac muscle excitability

A

respond to hormonal and neural signals, but also contract spontaneously

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14
Q

Extensibility

A

stretching a muscle beyond it’s normal resting length without breaking and being able to function

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15
Q

Elasticity

A

muscle recoiling

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16
Q

Striated muscle

A

another name for skeletal muscle because of transverse bands that can be seen under a microscope

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17
Q

What is skeletal muscle made of

A

skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and adipose tissue

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18
Q

muscle fiber

A

a muscle cell

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19
Q

Layers of connective tissue

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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20
Q

Epimysium

A

connective tissue sheath made of protein fibers that surround the muscle that separate and connect it to the skin and other organs

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21
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue that serves as a passage way for blood vessels and nerves, and subdivies the muscle

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22
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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23
Q

endomysium

A

delicate layer of connective tissue that separates each individual muscle fiber in the fascicles

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24
Q

Tendons

A

ends of connective tissues that connect the muscle to bone

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25
Sarcolemma
cell membrane of muscle fibers
26
transverse tubules (t tubules)
carry electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber
27
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized smooth ER that stores Ca+.
28
Ca+ function
the release of Ca+ charges the triad and causes contraction
29
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of muscle fiber
30
Myofibrils
bundles of protein filaments that extend the length of the muscle fiber and cause shortening during contraction
31
Myofilaments
protein thread that help myofibrils
32
Actin myofilaments
thin filaments
33
myosin myofilaments
thick filaments
34
sarcomeres
functional units of skeletal muscles that are made of myofilaments and join to for myofibrils
35
Z disks
anchor for myofilaments
36
I bands
two lighter-staining regions that extend to the ends of the myosin myofilaments and only contain actin myofilaments
37
A bands
darker-staining band that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments
38
H zone
center of an A band that is only made of myosin myofilaments
39
M line
protein filaments that hold the myosin myofilaments in place in the center of the H zone
40
Actin
an attachment site on the actin myofilaments of the myosin myofilaments during contraction
41
tropomyosin
covers for the attachment sites on the actin that must be moved for muscle contraction
42
Troponin
anchors the troponin to the actin prevents tropomyosin from uncovering binds to Ca 2+
43
myosin molecules heads function
1) heads biind to active sites on actin molecules to contract 2) heads are attached to rod portion that bends and straightens during contraction 3) heads break down ATP for energy
44
Neuromuscular junction (synapse)
point of contact between nerve and muscle fiber
45
Acetylcholine
opens ligand-gated ion channels
45
Acetylcholine
opens ligand-gated ion channels
46
ligand
molecule that binds to a macromolecule
47
Sliding filament model
used to explain how actin and myosin myofilaments slide over each other during muscle contraction
48
resting membrane potential
charge difference across a resting cell
49
Action potential of a muscle cell
1. when stimulated Na+ channels open and makes the cell positive 2. Action potential is triggerd 3. Depolarization phase 4. permeability changes causes repolarization 5.Na + channels close and K+ channels open so K + can leave 6. resting membrane potential is restored by sodium-potassium pump
50
Neurotransmitter junction actions
1. action potential opens the Ca2+ channel and diffuse into the axon terminal 2. Ca2+ causes the secretion of vesicles 3. Acetylcholine is released 4. Acetylcholine bind to Na+ channels in the muscle membrane 5. Na+ enters muscle and causes action potential in muscle
51
Muscle contraction
1. action potential from Na + travels along sarcolemma and t tubule 2. t tubules wrap around sarcomeres and carry action potentials to Ca 2+ channels 3. Ca 2+ channels open and diffuse into the sarcoplasmic reticulum then to the sarcoplasm 4. Ca2+ binds to troponin 5. Troponin causes tropomyosin to move 6. myosin heads bind to exposed actin 7. ATP is broken down to move myosin heads
52
Myosin head movement(cross-bridge movement)
1. myosin attaching to actin forms cross-bridges 2. triggers rapid movement of myosin heads 3. myosin myofilament is pulled towards the H zone 4. Myofilaments slide 5. ATP binds to the myosin head and detaches it 6. Myosin head breaks down ATP into ADP 7. Head returns to resting position
53
Recovery stroke
myosin head returning to resting position
54
Muscle relaxation
1. Sodium-potassium pump transports Na+ out of the muscle fiber and K+ in 2. recovery stroke 3. ATP transports Ca2+ out
55
Slow-twitch
muscle fibers that contract slowly and are resistant to fatigue. They break down ATP slowly and have more mitochondria
56
Fast-twitch
muscle fiber that contract quickly and are prone to fatigue
57
Fast-twitch muscle fiber forms
Type 2a: rely on ATP production with and without O2 Type 2b: rely on ATP without O2
58
Separation of Slow and Fast twitch muscle fibers
Fast-twitch have very little dark-coloured myoglobin and slow-twitch are darker in colour, but humans have no clear separation of the two.
59
Effects of training
increase the size and capacity of both types of muscle fibres, increase vascularity, increases the number of motor units, improved metabolism, circulation, and number of capillaries
60
hypertrophie
muscles that increase in size with use
61
atrophie
muscles that decrease in size with use
62
autorhythmicly
the capacity of the smooth and cardiac muscles to generate action potentials spontaneously
63
intercalated disks
found in the gap of cardiac muscles, they allow action potentials to be conducted directly from cell to cell, so the cardiac muscle cells act as one unit
64
Cardiac muscle hormone
epinephrine
65
Retinaculum
dense regular connective tissue sheath holding down tendons in the wrist and ankle
66
origin
the fixed point of a muscle
67
insertion
end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves
68
belly
part of the muscle between the origin and insertion
69
agonist and antagonist muscles
when one muscle group is activated there is a counter muscle group also being activated
70
prime mover
the muscle that does the desired action
71
Muscle naming system
1 location 2 size 3 shape 4 orientation of fascicles 5 origin and insertion 6 number of heads 7 function
72
Fascicle arrangements
circular, convergent, parallel, pennate, fusiform

BPK Modules 7-12 (7 decks)

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