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Health, Exercise & Fitness Year 1 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Located in the heart
Under involuntary control
Muscle is striated - consists of light & dark bands

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2
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found throughout the body
Under involuntary control
Muscle is non-striated - not banded

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Found attached to the skeletal system by tendons
Under voluntary control - conscious thought required
Muscle is striated but not banded
Number of functions but recognised as the facilitator of movement at joints

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4
Q

Characteristics - Excitability

A

Muscles ability to perceive and respond to electrical stimuli

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5
Q

Characteristics - Contractability

A

Ability for muscle to shorten as a result of stimulus, usually becoming shorter and thicker

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6
Q

Characteristics - Extensibility

A

Muscle is able to stretch beyond its normal length

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7
Q

Characteristics - Elasticity

A

Muscle is able to return to its normal length after stretching

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8
Q

Function - Movement

A

-Of the skeletal system at the cartilaginous and synovial joints is achieved by voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles
-Causes shortening of the muscle tissue, pulling on the tendons attached to the bones

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9
Q

Function - Posture

A

-Maintains body posture against gravity by continually adjusting due to information transmitted by nerve endings on joint capsule and muscle tension
-Tendons of many muscles extend over joints and in this way contribute to joint stability

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10
Q

Function - Thermoregulation

A

-Maintenance or improvement of body heat is assisted by skeletal muscles
-Involuntary muscle contractions (shivering) generate heat
-Metabolism is such a large mass - produces heat essential for maintenance of body temp

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11
Q

Function - Venous Return

A

-Contracting muscles act as a muscular pump by compressing peripheral veins during normal activity to help blood flow

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12
Q

Function - Energy storage

A

-Muscles are able to store glucose as glycogen within their cells

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13
Q

Function - Assisting breathing

A

Diaphragm muscle regulates breathing by changing intra-thoracic volume and pressure

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14
Q

Connective tissue

A

Binds stuff together

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15
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Enables it to contract

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16
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Carry a stimulus

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17
Q

Blood/vascular tissue

A

Carry oxygen & nutrients and remove waste products (lactic Acid)

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18
Q

Connective tissue - Deep facia

A

Binds the components together; fills in spaces between muscles while allowing free movement

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19
Q

Epimysium

A

Sheath that surrounds the whole muscle

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20
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds bundles of muscle fibres (fascicles)

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21
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds individual muscle fibres

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22
Q

Tendon Sheath

A

Synovial covering of the tendon

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23
Q

Tendon or aponeurosis

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A

Formed by the epimysium, perimysium & endomysium extending beyond the fleshy part of the muscle, the belly, forming a thick rope-like tendon or a broad, flat sheath like aponeurosis

24
Q

Myofibrils

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A

Very find contractile fibres, arranged in bundles along the length of the muscle

25
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of striated (skeletal) muscle
26
Myofilaments
Microscopic threads of protein myofibrils
27
T-tubles
A deep channel running along the length of the sarcolemma through a striated muscle
28
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Regulates calcium levels in muscle cells
29
Actin
This protein filament that slides across myosin
30
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of a muscle cell
31
Tropomyosin & troponin
Regulatory proteins found on the actin filament and extend from the anchor points on the z-lines
32
Muscle fibre
Single cylindrical muscle cell made up of hundreds, or even thousands of muscle fibres bundled together and wrapped in a connective tissue covering
33
Concentric Contraction
-Muscle shortens and develops tension -The angle of the joint decreases as the origin and insertion points move closer together -EG. bicep muscle as the arm bends
34
Eccentric Contraction
-Muscle lengthens as it develops tension -Angle at the joint increases as the origin & insertion points move further away -EG. Bicep muscle when the weight is lowered back down
35
Isometric contraction
-Muscle remains the same length -Angle at the joint remains unchanged as the origin and insertion points remain the same distance apart -EG. Holding a heavy object in front of you
36
Muscle Info - Sternocleidomastoid
Origin - Sternum & clavicle Insertion - Mastoid process Action - Lateral flexion or rotation of the neck
37
Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 1
Electrical stimulus to a muscle is transmitted to the inside of the fibre causing Calcium ions to be released.
38
Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 2
The Calcium ions bind with the Troponin molecules on the Actin filament.
39
Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 3
This causes Troponin to change shape and pull on the Tropomyosin opening a gap on the Actin filament.
40
Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 4
The heads of the Myosin molecules can now fit into these exposed sites on the Actin filament.
41
Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 5
This coupling of the Actin and Myosin causes ATP to split supplying energy to rotate the Myosin head and pull the attached Actin fibre along with it.
42
Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 6
A fresh supply of ATP reaches the Myosin head allowing the Myosin to detach itself and continue to form further cross bridges.
43
Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 7
The process of contraction will continue as long as a high concentration of Calcium ions is available
44
Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 8
If the electrical impulses to the muscle fibre cease, the concentration of Calcium ions drops and Tropomyosin re-covers the site on the Actin filament
45
Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 9
The Myosin cannot continue to form cross bridges and the process of muscle contraction stops.
46
Slow twitch muscle fibres - type 1
-Aerobic -Large amounts of myoglobin (oxygen), many mitochondria & capillaries -Slower firing muscle fibres, work continuously & take longer to fatigue -Long distance/duration activity
47
Fast twitch muscle fibres - Type 2a
-Aerobic & anaerobic -Large amounts of myoglobin (oxygen), many mitochondria & capillaries -Combination of type 1 & 2, slower to fatigue but not as slow as slow twitch fibres -Middle distance/duration activity
48
Fast twitch muscle fibres - Type 2b
-Anaerobic -Low amounts of myoglobin (oxygen), few mitochondria & capillaries -Produce rapid, powerful bursts of speed the highest rate of muscular contraction & fastest to fatigue -Short distance/duration activity
49
muscle hypertrophy
Strength causes an increase in volume of myofibrils increasing muscle bulk
50
muscle hypertrophy
Strength causes an increase in volume of myofibrils increasing muscle bulk
51
muscular endurance
increased training volume causes recruitment of morre slow twitch muscle fibres allowing for sustained effort during exercise
52
improved capillarisation
greater flow of blood to muscles due to increased aerobic activity levels
53
increased tendon strength
force exerted during exercise cases thickening of connective tissue & prevents injury
54
improver energy storage
increased activity will increase the storage & replenishment of glycogen & number of mitochondria
55
Reduced lactic acid production
Tolerance levels to waste product increases, increased anaerobic threshold

Health, Exercise & Fitness Year 1 (8 decks)

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