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HISTO | MIDTERMS > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

identify

function:

  • body movement

[muscle tissues]

A

skeletal muscle

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2
Q

identify

An action potential that was produced at the neuromuscular junction is propagated along the (?) of the skeletal muscle.

The depolarization also spreads along the membrane of the (?)

[muscle contraction]

A
  • sarcolemma
  • T tubules
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3
Q

identify

Each sarcomere consists of an (?) and (?)

[muscle proteins]

A
  • actin filament
  • myosin myofilament
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4
Q

identify

Choline is symported with Na+ into the (?), where it can be recycled to make ACh.

(?) diffuses away from the synaptic cleft

[neuromuscular junction]

A
  • presynaptic terminal
  • acetic acid
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5
Q

identify what step this is

Calcium ions enter the presynaptic terminal and initiate the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicles

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 2

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6
Q

identify

the length of the muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases during contraction

[types of muscle contractions]

A

isometric contractions

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7
Q

identify

the plasma membrane is more permeable to (?) than to (?)

[resting membrane potential]

A
  • K+
  • Na+
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8
Q

identify

action potentials in the communicating neuron stimulate graded potentials in a recieving neuron than can summate at the (?)

[action potential propagation]

A

trigger zone

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9
Q

identify

composed of 2 heavy chains wounded together and 2 light chains on each heads of the heavy chain

[myofilaments|thick]

A

myosin

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10
Q

identify

has striations

[muscle tissues]

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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11
Q

identify

location of Skeletal Muscle

A

attached to bones

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12
Q

identify

seven (7) major function of muscles

A
  1. movement of the body
  2. maintenance of posture
  3. respiration
  4. production of body heat
  5. communication
  6. constriction of organs and vessel
  7. contraction of the heart
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13
Q

identify

failure of the muscle to relax after a forceful contraction

[muscle conditions]

A

Myotonic muscular dystrophy

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14
Q

identify

Multinucleated, immature muscle fibers (myocytes).

[muscle development]

A

myoblasts

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15
Q

identify

nucleus:

  • single, centrally located

[muscle tissues]

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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16
Q

identify what step this is

ACh unbinds from the ligand-gated Na+ channels, which then close

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 6

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17
Q

identify

cylindrical and branched

(100-500 μm in length, 12-20 μm in diameter)

[muscle tissues]

A

cardiac muscle

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18
Q

identify

Each sarcomere consists of an actin myofilament and myosin myofilament.

The middle-most region is called the (?) that is found within the (?) all enclosed inside the (?) which is found between two (?)

[muscle proteins]

A
  • M line
  • H zone
  • A band
  • I band
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19
Q

identify what step this is

An action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal and causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane to open

[neuromuscular junction]

A

step 1

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20
Q

identify

The enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is attached to the postsynaptic membrane, removes acetylcholine from the (?) by breaking it down into (?) and (?)

[neuromuscular junction]

A
  • synaptic cleft
  • acetic acid, choline
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21
Q

identify

amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction but the length of the muscle changes

[types of muscle contractions]

A

isotonic contractions

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22
Q

identify

ability of muscle to spring back to its original resting length after it has been stretched

[functional properties of muscles]

A

elasticity

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23
Q

identify

function:
* pumping blood

[muscle tissues]

A

cardiac muscle

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24
Q

identify

acetylcholine (ACh) unbinds from the (?), which then close

[neuromuscular junction]

A

ligand-gated Na+ channels

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25
# identify **Heavy chains** connect each end of the **(?)** | [myofilaments|thick]
sarcomere
26
# identify **capacity** of muscle **to respond** to an electrical stimulus via nervous or hormones | [functional properties of muscles]
excitability
27
# identify has active sites responsible for the formation of **cross-bridge** with the **myosin light chains** | [myofilaments|thin]
fibrous actin (F-actin)
28
# identify An action potential **arrives** at the (?) and causes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane to **open** | [neuromuscular junction]
presynaptic terminal
29
# identify nucleus: * multiple nuclei, peripherally located | [muscle tissues]
skeletal muscle
30
# identify **(?)** **enter** the presynaptic terminal and **initiate** the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) from synaptic vesicles | [neuromuscular junction]
calcium ions
31
# identify what step this is Ligand-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell, causing the postsynaptic membrane to depolarize. If depolarization passes threshold, an action potential is generated along the postsynaptic membrane | [neuromuscular junction]
step 5
32
# identify the **constant tension** produced by muscles for **long periods of time** | [types of muscle contractions]
muscle tone
33
# identify special cell-to-cell attachements: * none | [muscle tissues]
skeletal muscle
34
# identify location of Smooth Muscle
walls of: * hollow organs * blood vessels * eyes * glands * skin
35
# identify **“myalgia”**; idiopathic | [muscle conditions]
chronic muscle pain syndrome
36
# identify Accumulates contractile proteins in the cytoplasm to develop into mature cell | [muscle development]
myoblasts
37
# identify occurs due to **muscle disuse** | [muscle conditions]
atrophy
38
# identify isotonic contractions in which **tension** is **maintained** in a muscle, but the **opposing resistance** is great enough to cause the muscle to **increase in length** | [isotonic contractions]
eccentric
39
# identify isotonic contractions in which **tension** in the muscle is great enough to **overcome the opposing resistance**, and the muscle **shortens** | [isotonic contractions]
concentric
40
# identify Light chains interacts with the active sites of the **(?)** | [myofilaments|thick]
Fibrous actin (F actin)
41
# identify two (2) types of isotonic contractions
* concentric * eccentric
42
# identify not capable of **spontaneous contraction** | [muscle tissues]
skeletal muscle
43
# identify **overuse** of skeletal muscle | [muscle conditions]
tendinitis
44
# identify what step this is Choline is symported with Na+ into the presynaptic terminal, where it can be recycled to make ACh. Acetic acid diffuses away from the synaptic cleft | [neuromuscular junction]
step 8
45
# identify very long and cylindrical (1 mm-4 cm, or as much as 30 cm, in length, 10 μm-100 μm in diameter) | [muscle tissues]
skeletal muscle
46
# identify **group of genetic disorders** of muscle degeneration | [muscle conditions]
dystrophy
47
# identify three (3) subunits of **troponin** | [myofilaments|thin]
* troponin I (TnI) * troponin C (TnC) * troponin T (TnT)
48
# identify **hides** the active sites of F actin molecules | [myofilaments|thin]
tropomyosin
49
# identify **autoimmune disease** that competes with acetylcholine | [muscle conditions]
myasthenia gravis
50
# identify spindel-shaped (15-200 μm in length, 5-8 μm in diameter) | [muscle tissues]
smooth muscle
51
# identify **deposition** of connective tissue | [muscle conditions]
fibrosis
52
# identify what step this is ACh is released into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis | [neuromuscular junction]
step 3
53
# identify **charge** difference across the plasma membrane of an unstimulated cell. **Produces the action potential** | [action potential & resting membrane potential]
resting membrane potential
54
# identify **alteration** of genes that code for dystrophin | [muscle conditions]
Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy
55
# identify **electrical signal** travelling from the brain, **passes through the spinal cord**, then to the **muscle fibers** causing them to contract. Requires **resting membrane potential** | [action potential & resting membrane potential]
action potential
56
# identify Ligand-gated Na+ channels **open** and Na+ **enters** the (?), causing the (?) to **depolarize** | [neuromuscular junction]
* postsynaptic cell * postsynaptic membrane
57
# identify function: * moving food through digestrive tract * emptying the urinary bladder * regulating blood vessel diameter * changing pupil size * contracting many gland ducts * moving hair | [muscle tissues]
smooth muscle
58
# identify Mature cells that make up the functional unit of the muscular system | [muscle development]
muscle fibers
59
# identify acetylcholine (ACh) **diffuses** across the **(?)** and **binds** to ligand-gated Na+ channels on the **(?)** | [neuromuscular junction]
* synaptic cleft * postsynaptic membrane
60
# identify Once **active sites** on G actin molecules are **exposed**, the **heads** of the **(?)** bind to them to form **(?)** | [muscle contraction]
* myosin myofilaments * cross-bridges
61
# identify the functional unit of the muscular system | [muscle development]
sarcomere
62
# identify location of Cardiac Muscle
heart
63
# identify **acetylcholine (ACh)** is released into the synaptic cleft by **(?)** | [neuromuscular junction]
exocytosis
64
# identify the concentration of **(?)** **outside the plasma membrane** is higher than that inside the plasma membrane | [resting membrane potential]
Na+ (sodium ion)
65
# identify The **depolarization** of the T tubule causes **(?)** in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to **open**, resulting in an **increase** in the permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum to Ca2+, especially in the terminal cisternae. Calcium ions then **diffuse** from the **(?)** into the **(?)** | [muscle contraction]
* voltage-gated Ca+2 channels * sarcoplasmic reticulum * sarcoplasm
66
# identify mononucleated cells that **fuse together** to form a myoblast | [muscle development]
myoblast precursor cells
67
# identify action potentials are propagated down the **(?)** to the **(?)** | [action potential propagation]
* axon * axon terminal
68
# identify muscle can be **stretched beyond its normal resting length** and still be able to contract | [functional properties of muscles]
extensibility
69
# identify binds to **actin** | [troponin]
troponin I (TnI)
70
# identify **prolonged** skeletal muscle tension | [muscle conditions]
fibrositis
71
# identify what step this is ACh is re-formed within the presynaptic terminal using acetic acid generated from metabolism and from choline recycled from the synaptic cleft. ACh is then taken up by synaptic vesicles | [neuromuscular junction]
step 9
72
# identify three (3) types of muscle contractions
* isometric contractions * isotonic contractions * muscle tone
73
# identify involuntary control | [muscle tissues]
* smooth muscle * cardiac muscle
74
# identify what step this is ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to ligand-gated Na+ channels on the postsynaptic membrane | [neuromuscular junction]
step 4
75
# identify dehydration and ion imbalance | [muscle conditions]
cramps
76
# identify The concentration of **(?)** **inside the plasma membrane** is higher than that outside the plasma membrane, | [resting membrane potential]
K+ (potassium cation)
77
# identify special cell-to-cell attachments: * gap junctions | [muscle tissues]
smooth muscle
78
# identify no striations | [muscle tissues]
smooth muscle
79
# identify two (2) types of muscular dystrophy | [muscle conditions]
* Duchenne-type muscular dystrophy * Myotonic muscular dystrophy
80
# identify special cell-to-cell attachements: * intercalated disks join cells to one another | [muscle tissues]
cardiac muscle
81
# identify binds to **tropomysin** | [troponin]
troponin T (TnT)
82
# identify ACh is **re-formed** within the **(?)** using **(?)** generated from **metabolism** and from **choline** recycled from the synaptic cleft. ACh is then taken up by synaptic vesicles | [neuromuscular junction]
* presynaptic terminal * acetic acid
83
# identify **normal** in skeletal muscles; **abnormal** in cardiac muscles | [muscle conditions]
hypertrophy
84
# identify what step this is The enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which is attached to the postsynaptic membrane, removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft by breaking it down into acetic acid and choline | [neuromuscular junction]
step 7
85
# identify **Calcium ions** released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum **bind** to **(?)** The troponin molecules bound to **G actin molecules** are released, causing tropomyosin to **move**, and to **expose** the active sites on **(?)** | [muscle contraction]
* troponin molecules * G actin
86
# identify three (3) types of body muscles
* smooth * skeletal * cardiac
87
# identify Each sarcomere is separated by a **(?)** which are seen within each **I band** | [muscle proteins]
Z disk
88
# identify ability of muscle to **shorten forcefully** and **passively lengthens** | [functional properties of muscles]
contractility
89
# identify Muscle fibers no longer multiply maintaining a relatively constant number after birth. The increase in size is due to **(?)** in response to muscle usage | [muscle development]
hypertrophy
90
# identify binds to **calcium** | [troponin]
troponin C (TnC)
91
# identify voluntary and involuntary (reflexes) | [muscle tissues]
skeletal muscle
92
# identify capable of **spontaneous contraction** | [muscle tissues]
* smooth muscle (some) * cardiac muscle
93
# identify Ligand-gated Na+ channels **open** and Na+ **enters** the postsynaptic cell, causing the postsynaptic membrane to **depolarize**. If depolarization passes **threshold**, an **(?)** is generated along the **(?)** | [neuromuscular junction]
* action potential * postsynaptic membrane

HISTO | MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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