Skin and Appendages Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
identify
papillae that project into the dermis
[dermis]
A
papillary layer
2
Q
identify
Basal cells in the basal layer (stratum basale) of the skin are sometimes referred to as (?)
A
basal keratinocytes
3
Q
identify
Filamentous keratinized structure that forms within epidermal invaginations
A
hair
4
Q
identify
functions and characteristics of the hypodermis:
- cushions (?) and (?)
- has (?)
- helps the (?) and (?)
- regulates (?)
A
- muscles, bones
- connective tissue
- nerves, blood vessels
- body temperature
5
Q
identify
coiled tubular gland with simple or stratified cuboidal epithelium (lightly stained) and duct cells (dark staining)
[dermis]
A
eccrine sweat glands
6
Q
identify
dead, anucleated keratinocytes
A
corneocytes
7
Q
identify
has small lumens in the secretory components, and ducts, both of which have an irregular stratified cuboidal appearance
[glands]
A
eccrine sweat glands
8
Q
identify
Palms of the hands and the soles of the feet
[types of the skin]
A
thick skin
9
Q
identify
dense irregular connective
[dermis]
A
reticular layer
10
Q
identify
Lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands
[types of the skin]
A
thick skin
11
Q
identify
- superficial fascia, often contains fat cells
- extensive vascular supply
A
hypodermis
12
Q
identify
> 5mm
[type of the skin]
A
thick skin
13
Q
identify
provides a physical barrier against thermal and mechanical insults such as friction and against most potential pathogens and other material
[skin functions]
A
protection/-ive
14
Q
identify
the most important substance in determining the color of skin
A
melanin
15
Q
identify
two (2) types of sweat glands
A
- eccrine sweat glands
- apocrine sweat glands
16
Q
identify
dense irregular connective tissue that supports the epidermis
A
dermis
17
Q
identify
highly refractive zone only seen in very thick skin.
Nuclei and organelles have been lost and the cytoplasm consists of eleidin
[epidermis]
A
stratum lucidum
18
Q
identify
antigen presenting
[spidermal cells]
A
langerhan’s cells
19
Q
identify
functions of the epidermis:
- acts as a (?)
- makes (?)
- protects your (?)
- provides (?)
A
- protective barrier
- new skin
- body
- skin color
20
Q
identify
(?) is the classic example of holocrine secretion, in which the entire cell dies and contributes to the secretory product
A
sebum production
21
Q
identify
epidermis is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium composed of cells called (?)
[skin composition]
A
keratinocytes
22
Q
identify
- proximal part of the nail
- hidden part of nail
[nail]
A
nail root
23
Q
identify
two (2) components/structures of the papillary layer
[dermis]
A
- dermal papillae
- papillary capillaries
24
Q
identify
the skin’s primary functions are to (?) and (?)
A
- protect body from the environment
- prevent water loss
25
# identify
characteristics of the dermis:
* has **(?)** and **(?)**
* grows **(?)**
* keeps you **(?)**
* makes **(?)**
* produces **(?)**
* supplies **(?)**
* collagen, elastin
* hair
* in touch
* oil
* sweat
* blood
26
# identify
Also known as **sudoriferous glands**
sweat glands
27
# identify
* nerve endings in skin responsible for sensitivity to **light touch**
* located in **dermal papillae**
* each corpuscle consists of a **non-myelinated axon** meandering between Schwann cells arranged as horizontal lamellae surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
| [corpuscles]
meissner corpuscles
28
# identify
* Cells of skin **synthesize vitamin D3**, needed in calcium metabolism and proper bone formation, through the local action of UV light on the vitamin’s precursor
* Excess electrolytes can be removed in sweat
* Subcutaneous layer stores a significant amount of energy in the form of fat
| [skin functions]
metabolic
29
# identify
meissner and pacinian corpuscles are easily seen in skin, from **(?)** or **(?)**
* fingers
* lips
30
# identify
parts of the hair
* hair bulb
* hair papilla
* hair root
* hair shaft
31
# identify
melanocytes are found in the layer of **(?)** at the **(?)** of the **(?)**
* basal cells
* deepest part
* epidermis
32
# identify
epidermal S. corneum **extending** from the proximal nail fold
| [nail]
cuticle
33
# identify
* Generally absent in hairless skin such as the **palms** and **soles**
* Produce **sebum** by terminal differentiation of sebosytes
| [glands]
sebaceous / oil gland
34
# identify
single layer of **germinal cells** (cuboidal to low columnar cells) resting on the **basement membrane** which is attached to the dermis
| [epidermis]
stratum basale
35
# identify
Covers most of the body
| [types of the skin]
thin skin
36
# identify
section of immunostained skin shows langerhan's cells abundant in **(?),** where many microorganisms live, and throughout the epidermis
hair follicles
37
# identify
epidermal cells **covering** the hair papilla
| [hairs]
hair root
38
# identify
two **(2)** types of touch/pressure receptors that are found in the skin
* meissner corpuscles
* pacinian corpuscles
39
# identify
found in the layer of basal cells at the **deepest part** of the epidermis
melanocytes
40
# identify
skin is made up of **(?),** **(?),** **(?)** and **(?)**
* water
* protein
* fats
* minerals
41
# identify
produce sweat that is **mostly water** onto the skin surface, where its evaporation provides an important mechanism for **cooling the body**
| [glands]
eccrine sweat glands
42
# identify
outer layer of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium that is layered into **5 distinct stratas**
| [layers of the skin]
epidermis
43
# identify
a **sensory receptor** that responds to pressure or vibration
mechanoreceptors
44
# identify
three (3) important nonkeratinocyte cells in the epidermidis
* melanocytes
* langerhan's cell
* merkel cell
45
# identify
**keratinocytes** attached to each other by desmosomes on spiny processes
| [epidermis]
stratum spinosum
46
# identify
located in the base of hair bulb and contains a **capillary network** required to **sustain** the hair follicle
| [hair]
hair papilla
47
# identify
keratinocytes with numerous **basophilic**, **keratohyaline** granules and **lamellar** granules in their cytoplasm
| [epidermis]
stratum granulosum
48
# identify
Also known as fatty layer, subcutaneous layer
hypodermis
49
# identify
tactile epithelial cells
| [epidermal cells]
merkel cells
50
# identify
langerhan's cells develop in the **(?),** move into the **(?),** and finally migrate into **(?)** where they are difficult to identify in routinely strained sections
* bone marrow
* blood circulation
* stratified squamous epithelia
51
# identify
**protruding part** of the hair root
| [hair]
hair shaft
52
# identify
Protection against constant abrasion
| [types of the skin]
thick skin
53
# identify
epidermal fold at the **distal end** of the plate
| [nail]
hyponychium
54
# identify
A constant **body temperature** is normally easily **maintained** thanks to the skin’s insulating components (eg, the fatty layer and hair on the head) and its mechanisms for accelerating heat loss
| [skin functions]
thermoregulatory
55
# identify
It has thin epidermis and contains sweat glands, hair follicles and sebaceous glands
| [types of the skin]
thin skin
56
# identify
two (2) types of the skin
* thick skin
* thin skin
57
# identify
The skin is the largest single organ of the body, typically accounting for **(?)** to **(?)** of total body weight and, in adults, presenting **(?)** to **(?)** of surface to the external environment
* 15% to 20%
* 1.5 to 2 m²
58
# identify
The dermis makes up **(?)** of skin’s thickness
90%
59
# identify
**(?)** are **dendritic APCs** (Antigen-Presenting Cell) of the the epidermis where they comprise an important **defense** against pathogens and environmental insults
langerhan's cell
60
# identify
These are the **primary type of cell** found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin
keratinocytes
61
# identify
The **proximal part** of the nail is the **(?)** and is covered by a fold of **(?),** from which the epidermal stratum corneum extends as the **(?)**, or **(?)**
| [nail]
* nail root
* skin
* cuticle
* eponychium
62
# identify
they develop in the **bone marrow**, move into the blood circulation, and finally migrate into stratified squamous epithelia where they are difficult to identify in routinely strained sections
langerhan's cell
63
# identify
**bring nutrients** to the epidermis
| [dermis]
papillary capillaries
64
# identify
Modified sweat glands
| [glands]
mammary glands
65
# identify
two (2) layers of the dermis
* papillary layer
* reticular layer
66
# identify
hair follicle’s terminal dilation
| [hair]
hair bulb
67
# identify
**(?),** a protein inside skin cells, makes up the skin cells and, along with other proteins, sticks together to form this layer.
The stratification of **(?)** establishes an impermeable membrane around the entirety of the body
| [epidermis]
* keratin
* keratinocytes
68
# identify
**whitish**, **opaque**, **crescent shaped** region on the proximal nail body
| [nail]
lunula
69
# identify
It has a thick epidermis and contains sweat glands
| [types of the skin]
thick skin
70
# identify
Cells of the hair bulb matrix **(?),** take up **(?),** and undergo **(?)** to differentiate as the three concentric layers of the hair
| [hair]
* proliferate
* melanin granules
* keratinization
71
# identify
an epithelial layer of ectodermal origin
| [layers of the skin]
epidermis
72
# identify
* Each breast carries a **central conical projection** called a **nipple**
* this gland's activity is related to **reproductive hormones** and **pregnancy**
| [glands]
mammary glands
73
# identify
keratinocytes are the **primary type** of cell found in the **(?),** the outermost layer of the skin
epidermis
74
# identify
subcutaneous tissue
hypodermis
75
# identify
a layer of mesodermal connective tissue
| [layers of the skin]
dermis
76
# identify
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium composed of cells called keratinocytes
| [layers of the skin]
epidermis
77
# identify
the skin is also known as the **(?)** or **(?)**
* integument
* cutaneous layers
78
# identify
sebaceous glands secrete a complex, oily mixture of lipids called **(?)** into short ducts that in most areas open into hair follicles
sebum
79
# identify
underlying layer of **dense**, **irregular connective tissue** that contains other structures (such as hair follicles and sweat glands)
| [layers of the skin]
dermis
80
# identify
* Coiled tubular glands
* Produces sweat - thermoregulatory
| [glands]
sweat glands
81
# identify
keratinocytes constitute **(?)** of epidermal skin cells
90%
82
# identify
a layer of varying thickness of **loose connective tissue** and **adipose tissue**
| [layers of the skin]
hypodermis
83
# identify
Many types of **sensory receptors** allow skin to constantly monitor the environment, and various skin
| [skin functions]
sensory
84
# identify
have **high tactile sensitivity** and function as **mechanoreceptors**
merkel cells
85
# identify
1-2mm
| [types of the skin]
thin skin
86
# identify
increase **adhesion** between the epidermis and dermis
| [dermis]
dermal papillae
87
# identify
consists of **basal** and **spinous layer**
| [nail]
nail bed
88
# identify
functions of the skin
* protection/-ive
* sensory
* thermoregulatory
* metabolic
* sexual signaling
89
# identify
merkel cells in the **(?)** have **high tactile sensitivity** and function as **mechanoreceptors**
basal epidermal layer
90
# identify
**(?)** are **hard plates** of keratin on the dorsal surface of each distal phalanx
nail
91
# identify
the **largest single organ** of the body, typically accounting for 15% to 20% of total body weight and, in adults, presenting 1.5 to 2 m² of surface to the external environment
skin
92
# identify
One inch of your skin has approximately **(?)** and **(?).** It also contains **(?)** and **(?)**
* 19 million skin cells
* 60, 000 melanocytes
* 1,000 nerve endings
* 20 blood vessels
93
# identify
The **(?)** is bound to a bed of epidermis, the nail bed, which contains only the basal and spinous epidermal layers
| [nail]
nail plate
94
# enumerate
five (5) strata of the epidermis
1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum lucidum
5. stratum corneum
95
# identify
* Simple, branched alveolar glands, holocrine glands
* Numerous in the **face**, **forehead**, and **scalp**
| [glands]
sebaceous / oil gland
96
# identify
thick **outermost layer** of dead cells (squames) devoid of nuclei and organelles.
Protects against friction and water loss
| [epidermis]
stratum corneum
97
# identify
consists of **loose connective tissue** that **binds** the skin loosely to the sub-adjacent organs
hypodermis
98
# identify
pigment producing
| [epidermal cells]
melanocytes
99
# identify
parts of the nail
* nail root
* cuticle
* nail bed
* nail plate
* nail matrix
* hyponychium
* lunula
100
# identify
Covers practically the **whole body** except the lips, palms, soles, distal dorsal parts of the fingers and toes, prepuce and glans of penis, labia minora, and inner surface of labia majora, clitoris, and nipple
hair
101
# identify
* Pigmentation and hair, are visual indicators of health involved in attraction between the sexes in all vertebrate species, including humans
* The effects of **sex pheromones** produced by the apocrine sweat glands and other skin glands are also important for this attraction
| [skin functions]
sexual signaling
102
# identify
three (3) less abundant epidermal cells
* melanocytes
* langerhan's cells
* merkel cells
103
# identify
* nerve endings in skin responsible for sensitivity to **vibration** and **pressure**
* **large oval or spherical structures** of 20 to 60 concentric lamellae located in the dense irregular connective tissue (dermis) underneath the epithelium
| [corpuscles]
pacinian corpuscles
104
# identify
have much **wider lumens**, develop after puberty, and secrete **protein-rich sweat** onto the hair of hair follicles
| [glands]
apocrine sweat glands
105
# identify
other term for basal layer
stratum basale
106
# identify
Production of melanin pigment
melonocytes
107
# identify
the component of a reticular layer
| [dermis]
eccrine sweat glands
108
# identify
It is made up of water, protein, fats and minerals
skin
