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Kinesiology > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

number of muscles in body

A

650

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2
Q

body weight % of muscle

A

xy-muscles make up 40-50% of body weight
xx- 30-40% of body weight

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3
Q

functions of muscles

A

-motion
-movement of substances in body
-stabilizing body positions + regulating body volume
-heat production

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4
Q

heat production

A

-thermogenesis
- 85% of heat production is from muscle contraction
-maintain 37c

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5
Q

muscle tissue

A

-collection of cells/fibres that shorten during contraction + causes movement

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6
Q

types of muscles

A

-skeletal
-cardiac
-smooth

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7
Q

skeletal muscles

A

-attached to bone ( usually by tendon, some skin, muscles or deep fascial)
-voluntary
-striated

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8
Q

cardiac muscles

A

-only in heart
-referred as myocardium (forms the heart’s thickest walls)
-contractions move blood to areas of the body
-involuntary
-striated> contains more mitochondria the skeletal muscles > more red

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9
Q

striated

A

alternating light and dark bands are visible when tissue is under a microscope

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10
Q

smooth muscles

A

-surrounds internal organs, airways, blood vessels, hair follicles, urinary tract and genital tract
-found mainly in the digestive system
-involuntary
-appears as dense sheets on microscope

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11
Q

Properties of muscle fibres

A

-irritability
-elasticity
-conductivity
-contractibility

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12
Q

types of contraction

A

-concentric
-eccentric
-isometric
-isotonic

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13
Q

concentric

A

-shortening of muscle fibres
-lifting up portion of bicep curl

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14
Q

eccentric

A

-lengthening of muscle fibres
-lifting down portion of bicep curl

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15
Q

isometric

A

static/no change in length
-moving an immoveable object

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16
Q

isotonic

A

-same amount of tension throughout the movement
-need special machines

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17
Q

Origin + insertion + function of sternocleidomastoid

A

O- manubrium + medial clavicle
I- mastoid process (temporal)
F- neck rotation + flexion

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18
Q

function of Scalenus

A

elevates the first rib during heavy breathing

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19
Q

Origin + insertion + function of Erector spinae group

A

O- Lumbar vertebrae, sacrum
I- cervical + thoracic vertebrae
F- trunk extension, lateral flexion of spine

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20
Q

Origin + insertion + function of rectus abdominus

A

O- symphysis pubis
I- xiphoid process, costal cartilage of ribs 5,6,7
F- trunk flexion, aids in expiration + defecation + birth

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21
Q

Origin + insertion + function of external obliques

A

O-lower 8 ribs
I-iliac crest, pubis
F- trunk flexion +rotation

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22
Q

function of diaphragm

A

depresses thoracis caity which increases V and decreases P for air to come in

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23
Q

Origin + insertion + function of Pectoralis major

A

O-clavicle, sternum, costal cartilage of 6 upper ribs
I- intertubercular groove of humerus
F- internal rotation, adduction, flexion of arm at shoulder

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24
Q

Origin + insertion + function of latissimus dorsi

A

o-lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest, sacrum
i- intertubercular groove (humerus)
f- internal rotation, adduction, extension of arm at shoulder

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25
Q

function of supraspinatus

A

abduct humerus (up to 15o)

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26
Q

4 sits muscles

A

supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

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27
Q

function of SITS

A

ex/internal rotation

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28
Q

Origin + insertion + function of trapezius

A

o-occipital bone, all C + T vertebrae
i-spine of scapula, clavicle, acromion process
f-elevation and depression of scapula
retraction
neck extension

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29
Q

Origin + insertion + function of levator scapulae

A

o-c1-c4
i-media border -scap
f- elevation of scapula and external rotation at neck

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30
Q

insertion + function of deltoid

A

i-deltoid tuberodity of humerus
f- flexion/ex, abduction (15o up), rotation, cirrcumduction

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31
Q

function of serratus anterior

A

protraction of scapula

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32
Q

Origin + insertion + function of rhomboid major

A

o-spinous processes of t2-t5
i-medial border of scapula
f- retraction of scapula

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33
Q

Origin + insertion + function of biceps brachii

A

o- coracoid process , glenoid tubercle
i-radial tuberosity of radius
f- flexion of arm at elbow
supination of forearm

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34
Q

Origin + insertion + function of triceps brachii

A

o-glenoid tubercle (long), 2 on proximal, posterior end of humerus (medial and lateral)
i- olecranon process of ulna
f- extension of Arm at elbow

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35
Q

Origin + insertion + function of brachioradialis

A

o-lateral epicondyle of humerus
i-styloid process radius
f- flexion of arm at elbow

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36
Q

function of pronator teres

A

pronatates

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37
Q

function of supinator

A

supinates

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38
Q

Origin + insertion + function of gluteus maximus

A

o-iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx
i- greater trochanter of femur
f-hip extension and external rotation

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39
Q

longest muscle in body

A

sartorius

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40
Q

Origin + insertion + function of sartorius

A

o-asis
i- medial surface of tibia
f-hip flexion, external rotation, knee flexion

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41
Q

function of adductor group

A

adducts legs at hip

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42
Q

function of iliopsoas

A

hip flexion

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43
Q

Origin + insertion + function of rectus femoris

A

o-anterior iliac spine
i-tibial tuberosity
f- hip flexion and knee extension

44
Q

Origin + insertion + function of vastus lateralis

A

o- greater trochanter
i-tibial tuberosity
f-knee extension

45
Q

Origin + insertion + function of vastus intermedius

A

o- anterior shaft of femur
i-tibial tuberosity
f-knee extension

46
Q

Origin + insertion + function of vastus medialis

A

o- anterior shaft of femur
i-tibial tuberosity
f-knee extension

47
Q

Origin + insertion + function of biceps femoris

A

o-ischial tuberosity, linea aspera of femur
i-head of fibula
f- hip extension and knee flexion

48
Q

Origin + insertion + function of semimembranosus

A

o- ischial tuberosity
i-below medial condyle of tibia
f- hip extension and knee flexion

49
Q

Origin + insertion + function of semitendinosus

A

o- ischial tuberosity
i-below medial condyle of tibia
f- hip extension and knee flexion

50
Q

Origin+ function of tibialis anterior

A

o-laterial condyle of tibia, anterior shaft of tibia
f- dorsiflexion, inversion

51
Q

Origin + insertion + function of gastrocnemius

A

o- M and L condyles of femur
i-attaches to achilles tenodon then inserts on the calcaneus
f- plantarflexion, knee flexion

52
Q

Origin + insertion+ function of soleus

A

o- proximal end of fibula
i-attaches to achilles tenodon then inserts on the calcaneus
f- plantarflexion

53
Q

4 quadriceps femoris group

A

rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis

54
Q

biggest tedon

A

Achilles tendon

55
Q

biggest muscles SA

A

latissimus dorsi

56
Q

epimysium

eh·puh·mee·see·uhm

A

-connective tissue sheath
-fascia that surrounds an entire muscle
-extends beyond muscle then becomes a tendon

57
Q

perimysium

peh·ree·my·see·uhm

A

-under epimysium
-connective tissue
-encloses bundles of muscle fibres

58
Q

Fascicles

fa-suh -klz

A

bundles of muscle fibres

59
Q

endomysium

en·dow·my·zee·uhm

A

-connective tissues
-surrounds each individual muscle fibre

60
Q

3 layers of connective tissue

A

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
- has many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves

61
Q

muscle fibres

A

densely packed groups of elongated cells that make up skeletal muscles
-have numerous nuclei

62
Q

measurements of muscle fibres

A

typical- 2-3 cm long and 0.005 cm diameter
sartorius 30cm long

63
Q

myofilament

A

thin or thick threads
-made up of myofibrils

64
Q

thick myofilaments

A

made up of myosin-protein

65
Q

thin myofilaments

A

made up of smaller protein, actin
-troponin + tripmyosin

66
Q

sarcomere

A

-repeating unit of myofilament
-responsible for skeletal muscle’s strained look
-needed for contraction

67
Q

indirect muscle attachment

A

-tendons link skeletal muscles to bone
-within tendon, fibres are made up of mostly collagen will pass through periosteum to embed in bone

68
Q

name of tendon fibres

A

sharpey’s fibres

69
Q

direct muscle attachment

A

epimysium adheres + fuses directly with periosteum of the bone

70
Q

muscle movements

A

-only contract and shorten
-relax to go back to OG shape

71
Q

Agonist muscle

A

primarily responsible for contracting to move a body part
-prime mover

72
Q

antagonistic muscle

A

-works opposite to the prime mover, relaxes + passively lengthens while the agonist contracts

73
Q

muscle twitch

A

a single muscle contraction in response to a single nervous impulse

74
Q

tetanus

A

nerve impulses arrive in a continuous stream + produce a sustained contraction

75
Q

muscle tone

A

state of partial contraction at all times
-constant flow of weak nervous impulses to muscle
-helps with posture, standing and sitting

76
Q

NMJ

A

-neuromuscular junction
-where nerve and muscle fibre meet
-electrical impulses travels a long nerve pathway
-there ACh released
-ACh is detected by receptors of surface of muscle fibre and then muscle contracts

77
Q

ACh

A

acetylcholin
-chemical neurotransmitter

78
Q

Botulinum toxin

botch- a- lin- um

A

-nerotoxin
-botox
-inhibits ACh release at NMJ so muscle can not contract

79
Q

Motor unit

A

-consists of 1 motor neuron, its pathway and all muscle fibres it stimulates
-may stimulate a few or a lot of muscle fibres

80
Q

all or none principle

A

-once stimulated, an individual muscle fibres will contact maximally or not at all
-strength of an entire muscle contraction depends on the number of motor units activated by brain

81
Q

muscle fiber type

A

slow twitch -type I
fast twitch- type II
- type II a
- type II b

82
Q

slow twitch muscle fiber

A

-slow twitch oxidative
-more fatigue resistant
-marathon runners
-red colour

83
Q

fast twitch muscle fiber (both a and b)

A

-contracts 2-3x the rate of slow twitch fiber
-grows twice as much
-anaerobic
-rates of release Ca by sacroplmasic reticulum

84
Q

fast twitch muscle fiber II a

A

-fast twitch oxidative
-a bit pink
ex. basketball

85
Q

fast twitch muscle fiber II b

A

-fast twitch glycolytic
-white
-sprinting

86
Q

kalenjins success in long distance runner

A

-body type/ nioltic body type
-achilles tendon 2.7 in longer than others
-high lung capacity
-think calves/lower legs > 17% less than control
->90% slow twitch

87
Q

kalenjins evolution

A

caused by low latitude, hot dry climate

88
Q

best area in the world for 100m

A

West Africa

89
Q

Spring gene

A

ACTN3
alpha-actinin-3
-found only in fast twitch muscle fibers

90
Q

myostatin

A

-growth protein
-limits or inhibits muscle growth to stop becoming too big
-increase myostatin= less developed muscles

91
Q

sliding filament model

A

muscles pull, not push
-muscle contraction

92
Q

Muscle contraction

A

-stimulation of muscle from a motor neuron
-chemical changes in muscle that provides NRG for contraction
-rearrangement of myosin + actin myofilaments causing scaromere to shorten

93
Q

Rigor mortis

A

-stiff body
-when dead, no ATP is being produced, so the myosin gets stuck on the actin filament so sarcomere can;t relax

94
Q

hypertrophy

A

-muscle growth in response to overload training
-increase size in individual fibres

95
Q

types of hypertrophy and what is

A

transient-short term
-chronic- longer term

96
Q

types of chronic hypertrophy

A

scaroplasmic
myofibrilles

97
Q

scaroplasmic hypertrophy

A

increase volume of noncontracile parts of fibre

98
Q

myofibrilles hypertrophy

A

increase # of muscles proteins that increase myofibrillar packing density

99
Q

hyperplasia

A

an increase in muscle fiber number

100
Q

Name two examples in nature where this growth in muscle tissue resulted from selective breeding and limiting this protein.

A

bully whippet and Belgian Blue cow

101
Q

how are muscles named and example

A

function-adductor muscles
size- G maximus
direction of MF- rectus abdominus
location- supraspinatus
shape- deltoid
# of origin-biceps brachii
points of attachment- sternocleidomastoid

102
Q

Origin

A

the point where the muscle attaches to the more stationary bone (usually on axial skeleton).

103
Q

insertion

A

the point where the muscle attaches to the bone that is moved the most.

104
Q

Give two reasons why muscles increase in size with long-term resistance training.

A

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

105
Q

When is the only time we see a conversion of Type I fibers to Type II?

A

if the spinal cord is severed, nearly all muscle fibers revert to fast twitch.

106
Q

atrophy

A

A decrease in size of an organ or tissue

Kinesiology (7 decks)

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