musculo exam 1 to learn

Question 1

Arthrokinematics

Answer 1

Refers to the movement of the joint surfaces: 3 times of motion may occur (rolling, sliding, spinning)

Question 2

Osteokinematics

Answer 2

Extent of anatomic range is determined by:
Shape of joint surfaces
Joint capsule
Ligaments
Muscle bulk
Surrounding musculo-tendinous and bony structure

Question 3

scalar

Answer 3

only has a magnitude/size

- measures of space
- quantities (time, volume, speed, mass, temp, distance, energy, work)

Question 4

vector

Answer 4

• has a magnitude/size and a direction
  
  • acceleration, velocity, momentum, force, inc/dec in temp)
  • ex) muscles

Question 5

converting kilograms to newtons

Answer 5

multiply kilograms by 10

Question 6

cardiac muscle

Answer 6

striated, involuntary, branched cells

Question 7

smooth muscle

Answer 7

circular and long, involuntary, in organs

Question 8

skeletal muscle

Answer 8

striated and voluntary

Question 9

Frequency of firing of motor units is limited by

Answer 9

the need for recovery time before re-firing

Question 10

Magnitude of contraction is dependent upon the

Answer 10

number/frequency of motor units activated

Question 11

muscular connective tissue superficial to deep

Answer 11

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

Question 12

embryonic development germ cell layers superficial to deep

Answer 12

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 13

endochondrial ossification

Answer 13

hyaline cartilage model

Question 14

intramembranous ossification

Answer 14

osteoblasts –> spongy bone –> compact bone

Question 15

remodeling

Answer 15

mechanical stress on bone

Question 16

wolff’s law

Answer 16

Remodeling occurs in response to physical stress or lack of it
Bone deposited in sites subject to stress
Bone reabsorbed from sites where there is little stress

Question 17

cortical bone

Answer 17

dense, compact, long bones

Question 18

cancellous bone

Answer 18

trabecular, spongy, marrow cavities

Question 19

convex on concave

Answer 19

convex surface slides in the opposite direction of motion

Question 20

concave on convex

Answer 20

concave surface moves in same direction

Question 21

Explain the stress-strain curve

Answer 21

f we apply a load, there is an area where we start to uncrimp—get to B1
Once we get past B1, we are in danger zone of reaching ultimate failure
Toe—uncrimping of collagen fibrils
O to A
Linear—collagen fibril backbone itself is being stretch which gives rise to a stiffer material
A to B
Failure—as individual fibrils within the ligament or tendon begin to fail, damage accumulates, stiffness is reduced, and the ligament/tendons begin to fail

Question 22

complete spinal cord compression

Answer 22

anesthesia (sensation loss), absent motor, deep tendon reflex, and pain

Question 23

mild spinal cord compression

Answer 23

paresthesia and hyperesthesia, increased muscle tone, hyper deep tendon reflexes, pain

Question 24

severe spinal cord compression

Answer 24

paresthesia and hyperesthesia, decreased muscle tone, hypo deep tendon reflexes, pain

Question 25

scapula stabilizers

Answer 25

trapezius and serrates anterior

Question 26

1st phase

Answer 26

0-60 degrees GH joint: deltoid and supraspinatus ST joint: upper trap and serratus anterior

Question 27

2nd phase

Answer 27

60-120 degrees GH: deltoid and ant/post cuff mx ST: upper trap and serratus anterior

Question 28

final phase

Answer 28

120-180 degrees humerus disengages from scapula scapular force couple - serratus anterior and upper trap provide upper components, and lower trap provides lower component to upwardly rotate scapula

Question 29

2 things that make up extracellular matrix in connective tissue

Answer 29

ground substance (viscous gel that supports/strengthens) and collagen fibers (support/elasticity)

Question 30

2 types of cells in connective tissue

Answer 30

resident (all the -blasts; synthesis/maintenance) OR circulating (-cytes,-phages; defense and clean up)

Question 31

biomechanical properties of ligaments

Answer 31

(bone to bone) resists tensile forces in direction of fibers, reinforces joint capsule in areas of increased stress, provides stability, more or less elastic

Question 32

biomechanical properties of tendons

Answer 32

(muscle to bone) produce torque around joint, stablizies, slightly elastic, tensile strength is placed on the tendon with active contraction of associated muscle vs passive lengthening

Question 33

biomechanics properties of fibrocartilage

Answer 33

(menisci, articular disc) high tensile strength, resists shear stress, some elastic properties, slightly permeable, absorbs weight, joint lubrication

Question 34

properties of hyaline cartilage

Answer 34

biomechanical properties: permeable, increase in force = decrease in permeability and decrease in fluid flow elastic properties: time dependent, quick deformation and recovery viscoelastic properties: time dependent, slow application of load, slow continual increase in deformation *strong in resisting compression (zone 3) and shear stress (zone 1)

Question 35

Identify common characteristics of connective tissue in bone

Answer 35

anisotropic: different values when measured in different directions; strength and elasticity vary based on orientation in space (ex. wood is stronger across its grain) viscoelasticity: time dependent (ex. human tissue) hysteresis: loss of energy when force is applied (energy dissipates)

Question 36

Identify muscles that are involved with spasticity following a stroke

Answer 36

flaccid supraspinatus and posterior deltoid are primarily responsible; spacity of subscapularis and pectoralis major (inward rotators)

Question 37

Sharpey’s fibers

Answer 37

attach the tendons to bones that become continuous with periosteum

Question 38

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 38

detects changes in muscle tension, Located in origins and insertions

Question 39

muscle spindle

Answer 39

detects change in length of muscle, Located in body of muscle

Question 40

Occupational Functioning Model (OFM)

Answer 40

Competence in occupational performance and subsequent feelings of self-empowerment Believe that people who are competent in their life roles experience a sense of self-efficacy, self-esteem, and life satisfaction Assumes that the ability to carry out one’s roles, tasks, and activities of life depends on basic abilities and capacities

Question 41

World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning (WHO-ICF)

Answer 41

Both occupational therapy (OFM) and the ICF believe that recovery goes beyond remediating impairments, and both focus on the interaction between the person and the environment ICF is not detailed enough to guide OT practice

Question 42

Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF)

Answer 42

Describes the domain and process of the entire practice of OT Aims to standardize the language of the domain and process of OT It is expected that OTs will apply pertinent aspects of the framework through the particular conceptual model they choose

Question 43

Clinical Reasoning

Answer 43

how you go through therapy with a patient

Question 44

screening

Answer 44

to determine whether there are good reasons to enter into therapy

Question 45

overall objective

Answer 45

both in agreement about where you are going

Question 46

resources

Answer 46

means for doing therapy

Question 47

practice model

Answer 47

map of destination

Question 48

other pieces of clinical reasoning

Answer 48

``` Research—clinical and patient evidence Intervention plan and short-term goals Intervention implementation Discharge plan Documentation Reflection and development plan ```

Question 49

docummentation

Answer 49

Contact, treatment or visit note Evaluation report Progress report Discharge report

Question 50

assessing context

Answer 50

Planning, conducting, and interpreting the results of OT assessment

Question 51

types of context

Answer 51

Personal context—individual’s internal environment Social context—refers to factors in the human environment that enable or deter the person’s occupational function Cultural context—norms, values, and behaviors related to the community or society in which the occupational function occurs Payer- reimbursement context—policies and regulations that determine availability and reimbursement of occupational therapy services in various settings