Musculo quiz 2

Question 1

3 types of connective tissue

Answer 1

loose (binds skin to organs)
dense (tendons and ligaments)
cartilage (hyaline)

Question 2

regular connective tissue

Answer 2

regularly arranged collagen fibers (deep fascia, aponeurosis, ligaments, tendons); resists tension well that is parallel to the fibers

Question 3

irregular connective tissue

Answer 3

loose irregular (sheaths between muscles, subcutaneous, superficial fascia) and dense irregular (dermis, connective tissue, joint capsules)

Question 4

2 things that make up extracellular matrix in connective tissue

Answer 4

ground substance (viscous gel that supports/strengthens) and collagen fibers (support/elasticity)

Question 5

2 types of cells in connective tissue

Answer 5

resident (all the -blasts; synthesis/maintenance) OR circulating (-cytes,-phages; defense and clean up)

Question 6

ultimate strain

Answer 6

strain to the point of failure (deformity)

ex) tendon rupture

Question 7

tensile strain

Answer 7

maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretch or pulled before breaking

Question 8

hysteresis

Answer 8

loss of energy when forces is applied (energy dissipates)

Question 9

Collagen I

Answer 9

main component of bone; skin, tendon, vascular binding, organs

Question 10

Collagen II

Answer 10

main component of cartilage

Question 11

Collagen III

Answer 11

main component of reticular fibers

Question 12

Collagen IV

Answer 12

forms bases of cell membrane

Question 13

Collagen V

Answer 13

cell surfaces, hair, placenta

Question 14

in relaxed states, collagen fibers look

Answer 14

wavy/crimpy

Question 15

tensile load

Answer 15

2 externally applied forces acting in opposite directions

Question 16

tensile stress

Answer 16

tensile force applied in the direction of the applied force

Question 17

function of ligament

Answer 17

attach bone to bone

Question 18

biomechanical properties of ligaments

Answer 18

resists tensile forces in direction of fibers, reinforces joint capsule in areas of increased stress, provides stability, more or less elastic

Question 19

function of tendon

Answer 19

attach muscle to bone

Question 20

biomechanical properties of tendons

Answer 20

produce torque around joint, stablizies, slightly elastic, tensile strength is placed on the tendon with active contraction of associated muscle vs passive lengthening

Question 21

Common to both ligaments and tendons

Answer 21

surrounded by loose areolar connective tissue that forms sheaths

Question 22

open kinetic chain

Answer 22

gravity’s pull is most responsible

ex) bicep curl, bench press

Question 23

closed kinetic chain

Answer 23

to depress and raise body against gravity

ex) pushing up from a chair

Question 24

muscles that provide compressive forces on the humeral head

Answer 24

rotator cuff muscles (SITS): supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Question 25

scapula stabilizers

Answer 25

trapezius and serrates anterior

Question 26

static stabilizers of GH joint

Answer 26

(end range, stop from hyper mobility) | ligaments/capsule, labrum

Question 27

dynamic stabilizers of GH joint

Answer 27

(mid range) | rotator cuff SITS

Question 28

3 dimensional motions of scapula

Answer 28

upward rotation, posterior tilt, from internal towards external rotation

Question 29

3 dimensional motions of GH joint

Answer 29

spins, rolls, glides, external rotation

Question 30

1st phase

Answer 30

0-60 degrees GH joint: deltoid and supraspinatus ST joint: upper trap and serratus anterior

Question 31

2nd phase

Answer 31

60-120 degrees GH: deltoid and ant/post cuff mx ST: upper trap and serratus anterior

Question 32

final phase

Answer 32

120-180 degrees humerus disengages from scapula scapular force couple - serratus anterior and upper trap provide upper components, and lower trap provides lower component to upwardly rotate scapula

Question 33

Identify muscles that are involved with spasticity following a stroke

Answer 33

flaccid supraspinatus and posterior deltoid are primarily responsible; spacity of subscapularis and pectoralis major (inward rotators)

Question 34

Joints at the elbow

Answer 34

medial (ulnar) collateral ligaments (tommy john surgery) radial collateral ligament annular ligament (stabilizer for rotation at forearm) lateral ulnar collateral ligament accessory lateral collateral ligament

Question 35

at 1 DOF

Answer 35

``` elbow flexion (biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis) and extension (triceps, anconeus), forearm pronation (proximal and distal radioulnar joints; pronator teres and quadratus) and supination (proximal and distal radioulnar joints; supinator and biceps) *brachioradialis is a pronator and supinator (at neutral it has no effect) ```

Question 36

varus

Answer 36

distal bone towards the body

Question 37

vagus

Answer 37

distal bone away from the body

Question 38

Inhibition of elbow flexors

Answer 38

flexion of forearm in supination strongly activates biceps; flexion of forearm in pronation deactivates biceps and motion occurs mainly by brachialis

Question 39

activities that create isometric contractions at the elbow

Answer 39

static hold of weight

Question 40

activities that create concentric contractions at the elbow

Answer 40

bicep curl

Question 41

activities that create eccentric contractions at the elbow

Answer 41

lowering a weight in bicep curl

Question 42

contractile unit of muscle

Answer 42

myofibril: contractile unit in a muscle fiber sarcomere: contractile unit of muscle fibers containing actin and myosin

Question 43

golgi tendon organ

Answer 43

detects changes in muscle tension; located in origins and insertions

Question 44

muscle spindle

Answer 44

detects change in length of muscle; receptors located within the body of muscle

Question 45

active insufficiency

Answer 45

when a muscle contracts but isn’t strong enough; when a mx is not able to create its full excursion due to the muscle shortening and not having the available length ex) arm in a cast

Question 46

passive insufficiency

Answer 46

an opposing joint muscle is too short to allow full ROM (muscle is so tight it doesn’t have the length for the therapist to passively extend the muscles

Question 47

slow twitch muscle fibers

Answer 47

resistant to fatigue and are contracted from aerobic activity (marathon runner)

Question 48

fast twitch muscle fibers

Answer 48

lower resistance to fatigue and are anaerobic (sprinter)

Question 49

fusiform

Answer 49

(strap) have parallel fibers to long axis to allow increase ROM (biceps)

Question 50

unipennate

Answer 50

have fibers on one side of the tendon (flexor pollicis longus)

Question 51

bipennate

Answer 51

have fibers on both sides of the tendon (rectus femoris)

Question 52

multipennate

Answer 52

have fibers that converge on several tendons (deltoid)

Question 53

spiral

Answer 53

fibers spiral around a long axis (latissimus dorsi)

Question 54

common characteristic of connective tissue in bone - anisotropic

Answer 54

different values when measured in different directions; strength and elasticity vary based on orientation in space (ex. wood is stronger across its grain)

Question 55

muscle actions at the proximal radiohumeral joint and elbow

Answer 55

pronation and supination, flexion and extension

Question 56

common characteristic of connective tissue in bone - viscoelasticity

Answer 56

time dependent (ex. human tissue)

Question 57

common characteristic of connective tissue in bone - hysteresis

Answer 57

loss of energy when force is applied (energy dissipates)