Musculoskeletal Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
What is the anatomical position?
A
Standing up straight, with palms facing forward
2
Q
Define superior
A
Moving towards the head
3
Q
Define inferior
A
Moving towards the feet
4
Q
Define anterior / ventral
A
Pertaining to the front
5
Q
Define posterior / dorsal
A
Pertaining to the back
6
Q
Define medial
A
Toward the midline
7
Q
Define lateral
A
Away from the midline
8
Q
Define superficial
A
Moving outwards towards the surface
9
Q
Define deep
A
Moving inwards from the surface
10
Q
Define proximal
A
Toward the trunk
11
Q
Define distal
A
Away from the trunk
12
Q
Define palmar
A
Pertaining to the palm
13
Q
Define plantar
A
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
14
Q
Where is the transverse plane and what does it divide the body into?
A
- A horizontal line across the hips
- Divides the body into superior and inferior
15
Q
Where is the coronal plane and what does it divide the body into?
A
- Vertical line down the side of the body
- Divides body into anterior and posterior
16
Q
What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?
A
Left and right
17
Q
What plane does flexion / extension take place?
A
Sagittal
18
Q
What plane does abduction / adduction take place?
A
Coronal
19
Q
What plane does medial rotation / lateral rotation take place?
A
Transverse
20
Q
What are the 4 types of bones?
A
1) Long
2) Flat
3) Short
4) Irregular
21
Q
Define long bones and give an example
A
- Long, tubular bones normally found in the limbs
- Ex: humerus
22
Q
Define flat bones and give an example
A
- Act as protection for organs
- Ex: ribs
23
Q
Define short bones and give an example
A
- Cuboidal and found only in the wrist and ankle
- Ex: carpal
24
Q
Define irregular bones and give an example
A
- Bones of various shapes that do not fit into any other category
- Ex: vertebrae
25
What are the 3 types of joints?
1) Fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial
26
Describe fibrous joints
Two bones joined by fibrous tissue
27
Describe cartilaginous joints
Two bones joined by cartilage
28
Describe synovial joints
Two bones joined by hyaline cartilage
29
What are the 3 types of muscle?
1) Skeletal
2) Cardiac
3) Smooth
30
What are 3 functions of skeletal muscle?
Joint stability and motion, postural control, and absorption of forcce
31
What is the main function of cardiac muscle?
Contraction of the heart
32
What are 3 functions of smooth muscle?
Peristalsis, constriction of blood vessels, and secretion from glands
33
Which type of muscle is considered involuntary?
Smooth
34
Which type of muscle is considered voluntary?
Skeletal
35
What are the 5 types of vertebrae from top to bottom?
1) Cervical
2) Thoracic
3) Lumbar
4) Sacral
5) Coccygeal
36
Define kyphosis
Excessive thoracic curvature
37
Define lordosis
Excessive lumbar curvature
38
What does the letter A represent?
Spinous process
39
What does the letter I represent?
Lamina
40
What does the letter E represent?
Pedicle
41
What does the letter H represent?
Transverse process
42
What does the letter C represent?
Vertebral foramen
43
What is unique about the cervical vertebrae?
- Small vertebral bodies and short transverse processes
- Foramina in transverse processes
44
What is the atlas and what is unique about it?
- The first cervical vertebrae that supports the skull
- Does not have a vertebral body or spinous process
45
What is the axis and what is unique about it?
- The second cervical vertebrae
- Characterized by the dens, which extends from the vertebral body
46
What is unique about the thoracic vertebrae?
- Heart-shaped vertebral body
- Superior and inferior costal facets
- Long transverse processes
47
What is unique about the lumbar vertebrae?
- Large, kidney-shaped vertebral bodies
- Triangular vertebral foramen
- Long, slender transverse processes
48
What are the 6 sub-classifications of synovial joints?
1) Pivot
2) Ball and socket
3) Plane
4) Hinge
5) Saddle
6) Condyloid
49
What are the 2 main group of abdominal muscles?
1) Anterior abdominal wall
2) Posterior abdominal wall
50
What are 3 functions of the anterior abdominal wall?
1) Trunk flexion
2) Protect & stabilize the trunk
3) Allow for changes in the size of the cavity
51
What are 4 functions of the posterior abdominal wall?
1) Trunk extension
2) Protect
3) Allow for changes in the size of the cavity
4) Posture
52
What muscles make up the anterior abdominal wall?
1) External oblique
2) Internal oblique
3) Transverse abdominus
4) Rectus abdominus
53
What is the anterior abdominal wall innervated by?
Intercostal nerves
54
What way do the fibres run in the external oblique?
Back to front in a downward direction
55
What way do the fibres run in the internal oblique?
Perpendicular to the external oblique (back to front in an upward direction)
56
What way do the fibres of the transverse abdominus run?
Parallel to the floor
57
Where is the rectus abdominus found?
Either side of the midline of the abdomen
58
What muscle is involved in a six pack?
Rectus abdominus
59
What muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall?
1) Erector spinae group
2) Quadratus lumborum
3) Iliopsoas
60
What is the erector spinae group?
A large column of muscle on either side of the vertebral column
61
What 2 muscles make up the iliopsoas?
Psoas major and iliacus
62
How many bones, joints, and groups of muscles can be found in the shoulder girdle?
3 muscles, 3 joints, and 3 groups of muscles
63
Where is the only attachment of the appendicular to the axial skeleton found?
The shoulder girdle
64
What 3 bones make up the shoulder girdle?
1) Clavicle
2) Scapula
3) Humerus
65
What is the clavicle commonly known as?
The collar bone
66
What are 3 functions of the clavicle?
1) Force absorption
2) Dissipation of force
3) Rotation of the scapula in abduction
67
What shape is the clavicle?
S-shaped
68
What is the scapula commonly known as?
The shoulder blade
69
Does the scapula have an attachment to the chest wall?
NO
70
What does the scapula look like?
Flat, triangular, and thin
71
What does the proximal end of the humerus articulate with?
The glenoid fossa
72
What joints can be found in the shoulder girdle?
1) Sternoclavicular joint
2) Acromioclavicular joint
3) Gleno-humeral joint
73
What type of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
Multiaxial, saddle type synovial joint
74
What 2 bones are articulated in the sternoclavicular joint?
The medial clavicle and clavicular notch of the sternum
75
What 2 bones are articulated in the acromioclavicular joint?
Lateral clavicle and acronium process (spine of scapula)
76
What type of joint is the acromioclavicular joint?
Plane type synovial
77
What is the function of the acromioclavicular joint?
Allows for subtle rotation of clavicle on acromion
78
What 2 bones are articulated in the gleno-humeral joint?
Head of humerus and glenoid of scapula
79
What type of joint is the gleno-humeral joint?
Multiaxial, ball and socket type synovial
80
What movements can be performed by the shoulder girdle?
1) Elevation / depression
2) Protraction / retraction
3) Cross flexion / extension
4) Circumduction
81
What is the primary function of the latissimus dorsi?
Shoulder extension
82
What are the 2 heads of the pectoralis major and where to the attach to?
1) Clavicular head attaches to medial, anterior clavicle
2) Sternal head attaches to sternum
83
What does the trapezius act on?
Scapula, NOT SHOULDER JOINT
84
What does the serratus anterior run between?
Thorax and scapula
85
What 4 muscles make up the rotator cuff and what is an acronym to remember them?
SITS
1) Supraspinatus
2) Infraspinatus
3) Teres minor
4) Subscapular
86
What are the 3 heads of the deltoid are what are their functions?
1) Anterior -- shoulder flexion
2) Middle -- shoulder abduction
3) Posterior -- shoulder extension
87
Which 3 bones make up the forearm?
1) Distal humerus
2) Ulna
3) Radius
88
What side of the hand is the ulna on?
Pinky finger side
89
What side of the hand is the radius on?
Thumb side
90
What is the size of the distal end of the ulna?
Small
91
What is the size of the distal end of the radius?
Large
92
How many carpal bones are there?
8
93
What is an acronym to remember the carpal bones?
She Likes To Play Try To Catch Her
94
What are the 8 carpal bones from proximal lateral to medial and then distal lateral to medial
1) Scaphoid
2) Lunate
3) Triquetrum
4) Pisiform
5) Trapezium
6) Trapezoid
7) Capitate
8) Hamate
95
How many metacarpal bones are there and how are they numbered?
5, and they are numbered beginning at the thumb and ending with the pinky
96
How many phalanges does the thumb have?
2
97
How many phalanges do all the fingers except the thumb have?
3
98
What types of phalanges does each finger have?
- Thumb -- proximal and distal
- All other fingers -- proximal, middle, and distal
99
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
Hinge type synovial
100
Why does a carrying angle exist?
Because the trochlea has a thick medial, which causes the ulna to migrate away from the body
101
What 2 bones are articulated in the proximal radioulnar joint?
Proximal radius and ulna
102
What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar joint?
Pivot type synovial
103
What 2 bones are articulated in the wrist joint?
The distal end of the radius and the proximal row of carpal bones
104
What type of joint is the wrist joint?
Condyloid type synovial
105
What is the common name for the metacarpal-phalangeal joint?
Knuckle
106
What type of joint is the 1st metacarpal-phalangeal joint?
Saddle type synovial
107
What is the proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP)?
The first bend in every finger
108
What is the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)?
The second bend in digits 2-5
109
What type of joint are the interphalangeal joints?
Hinge type
110
What 4 muscles make up the biceps and triceps?
1) Biceps brachii
2) Brachialis
3) Coracobrachialis
4) Triceps brachii
111
What 2 joints is the biceps brachii connected to?
Shoulder and elbow
112
What kinds of muscles are found in the anterior compartment of forearm muscles?
Flexors and pronators
113
What kinds of muscles are found in the posterior compartment of forearm muscles?
Extensors and supinators
114
Where do anterior forearm muscles arise from?
Medial epicondyle
115
Where do posterior forearm muscles arise from?
Lateral epicondyle
116
Which muscle is the only flexor innervated by the radial nerve?
Brachioradialis
117
What 3 muscles are found in the hand?
1) Thenar
2) Hypothenar
3) Central
118
What 3 nerves are found in the hand?
1) Radial
2) Ulnar
3) Median
119
What is the function of the muscles of the hand?
Power precision movement and fine motor skills
120
What are the 3 muscle groups found in the central compartment?
1) Inter-ossei
2) Lumbricals
3) Adductor pollicis
121
What are the nerves and arteries of the arm?
- Axillary and brachial artery
- Musculocutaneous, radial, and axillary nerves
122
What are the arteries and nerves of the forearm and hand?
- Ulnar and radial arteries
- Median, ulnar, and radial nerves
123
What are the major functions of the lower extremity?
Stability and mobility
124
What is the relationship between stability and mobility?
Inverse
125
What are the 3 main actions of the lower limb?
1) Hip extension
2) Hip abduction
3) Lateral rotation
126
What are the 3 regions of the lower extremity?
1) Pelvic girdle
2) Thigh
3) Lower leg
127
What is the pelvic girdle made for?
Bipedal movement
128
What is the innominate bone?
The hip bone
129
What 3 bones make up the innominate bone?
1) Ilium
2) Ischium
3) Pubis
130
What portion of the hip bone does the ilium make up?
The proximal portion
131
What 2 main functions of the ilium?
1) Protect lower abdominal contents
2) Provide surface area for attachment of large powerful muscles
132
What portion of the hip bone does the ischium make up?
The posterior and inferior portion
133
What portion of the hip bone does the pubis make up?
The anterior and inferior portion
134
What shape does the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis create?
A "Y" shape
135
What is the socket of the hip joint called?
Acetabulum
136
What are the articulations in the sacroiliac joint?
Ilium and sacrum
137
What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?
Part synovial and part fibrous
138
What is the function of the sacroiliac joint?
Partial flex/ext
139
What are the articulations in the symphysis pubis joint?
The 2 pubic bodies
140
What are the articulations of the hip joint?
Head of femur and acetabulum
141
What type of joint is the hip joint?
Synovial, ball and socket
142
What part of the acetabulum articulates with the head of the femur?
The lunate surface
143
What is the largest muscle of the gluteal region?
Gluteus maximus
144
Where is the piriformis located?
Deep to gluteal muscles
145
What muscle is also known as the "tailor sit" muscle?
Sartorius
146
Where does the sartorius begin and end?
Lateral hip to medial knee
147
What is the longest muscle in the body?
Sartorius
148
What are the 5 medial thigh muscles?
1) Adductor brevis
2) Adductor longus
3) Adductor magnus
4) Gracilis
5) Pectineus
149
What 4 muscles make up the anterior thigh?
1) Rectus femoris
2) Vastus medialis
3) Vastus intermedius
4) Vastus lateralis
150
What are the articulations of the patellofemoral joint?
Trochlea of femur and posterior surface of patella
151
What 3 muscles make up the posterior thigh?
1) Biceps femoris
2) Semimembranosus
3) Semitendinosus
152
In the knee joint, which bone is non-weight bearing and non-articulating?
Fibula
153
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial, modified hinge
154
What shape is the medial collateral ligament?
Fan-shaped
155
What is the MCL attached to?
Medial femoral epicondyle and medial surface of tibia
156
What is the LCL attached to?
Lateral epicondyle of femur and fibular head
157
What are the 2 cruciate ligaments?
1) Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
2) Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
158
What direction does the ACL run in?
Posterior direction
159
What direction does the PCL run in?
Anterior direction
160
What shape is the medial meniscus?
C-shaped
161
What is the medial meniscus attached to?
Joint capsule and MCL
162
What shape is the lateral meniscus?
O-shaped
163
What is the lateral meniscus attached to?
Poplitues muscle
164
How many tarsal bones are there?
7
165
How many metatarsals are there?
5
166
How many phalanges are there in one foot?
14
167
What 2 joints make up the ankle joint?
1) Talocrural
2) Subtalar
168
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Synovial
169
What are the articulations in the talocrural joint?
Distal end of tibia and fibula with the talus
170
What are the articulations in the subtalar joint?
Superior aspect of calcaneus and inferior aspect of talus
171
What are the 3 lateral ankle ligaments?
1) Anterior talofibular ligament
2) Posterior talofibular ligament
3) Calcaneofibular ligament
172
What is the deltoid muscle connected to?
Medial malleolus of the tibia and the talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones
173
What 4 muscles make up the anterior portion of the lower leg?
1) Tibialis anterior
2) Extensor hallicus longus
3) Extensor digitorum longus
4) Peroneus tertius
174
What 2 muscles make up the lateral portion of the lower leg?
1) Peroneus longus
2) Peroneus brevis
175
What 3 muscles make up the superficial posterior portion of the lower leg?
1) Plantaris
2) Gastrocnemius
3) Soleus
176
What 3 muscles make up the deep posterior portion of the lower leg?
1) Flexor hallucis longus
2) Tibialis posterior
3) Flexor digitorum longus
177
What are the 2 major nerves of the pelvic region?
1) Superior gluteal
2) Inferior gluteal
178
What are the 3 major nerves of the thigh region?
1) Femoral
2) Obturator
3) Sciatic
179
What are the 3 major nerves of the lower leg, ankle, and foot?
1) Tibial
2) Deep peroneal
3) Superficial peroneal
