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Flashcards in Musculoskeletal - Back Deck (18)
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1
Q

What area’s of the spine are screened if the patient has upper extremity or lower extremity complains?

A

If UE - cervical and thoracic spine

If LE - lumbar and pelvis

2
Q

Toe raises are testing what?

A

S1, tibial nerve

3
Q

Heel walks are testing what?

A

L4, L5, deep fibular nerve

4
Q

What motions are tested and what myotomes/nerves are being screened during the lower quarter screen?

A
hip flexion (L1, L2, femoral nerve)
knee extension (L3, L4, femoral nerve)
ankle DF (L4, L5, deep fibular nerve)
big toe extension (L5, deep fibular nerve)
ankle eversion (L5, S1, superficial fibular nerve)
5
Q

What deep tendon reflexes are tested?

A
patellar tendon (L3, L4)
achilles tendon (S1, S2)
6
Q

What sensory dermatomes are tested during the lower motor screen and where are they tested?

A
L2 (anterolateral thigh)
L3 (anteromedial thigh and distal leg)
L4 (medial calf and ankle)
L5 (lateral leg, anterior shin, and foot)
S1 (lateral ankle and foot)
S2 (medial posterior thigh)
7
Q

When testing each myotome during the lower quarter screen, name the muscle that each segment is testing.

A
L2 - iliopsoas
L3 - iliopsoas, quadriceps
L4 - tibialis anterior
L5 - extensor hallucis longus
S1 - fibularis longus/brevis
S1 - hamsting
8
Q

Each vertebral segment (two adjacent vertebrae with the disc between) for what type of lever?

A

first-class lever (designed for balance - the axis is located between the force and the resistance)

  • facets = fulcrum
  • paraspinal muscles = the force
  • weight of UB and head = resistance
9
Q

What part of the vertebra protects the spinal cord and nerve roots?

A

the vertebral arch (made of pedicles and laminae)

10
Q

Most spinal chord injuries result from what?

A
  1. direct or indirect trauma to the vertebral column. Most from violent motions of head or trunk.
  2. stress fractures to the body and arch from repetitive trauma, direct trauma or disease process.
11
Q

What is the inner and outer portion of a intervertebral disc?

A

inner gelatinous center = nucleus pulposus.

outer layer of concentric fibers = annulus fibrosis

12
Q

Excessive compression of the spine can cause what type of fracture?

A

burst fracture

13
Q

Forced flexion of the thoracic or lumbar spine can result in what type of fracture?

A

wedge fracture

14
Q

Compression of the anterior aspect of the vertebral body can result in what type of fracture?

A

teardrop fracture

15
Q

How are disc injured?

A

trunk rotation increases intradiscal pressure and annular fibers that are oriented in the direction of rotation become taut.
so, rotation while under a load (from lifting objects) increases the risk of injury.

16
Q

What are facet or zygapophyseal joints?

A
  • plane synovial joints between inferior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebra.
  • flat surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage.
  • each facet joint is covered in loose articular capsule
17
Q

What movements will facet or zygapophyseal joints help control?

A

flexion
extension
rotation

18
Q

Typical ways facet or zygapophyseal joints are injured?

A

quick flexion and rotation movements
disease (osteoarthritis)
related nerves are often affected causing pain and spasm