Musculoskeletal III- Gait

Question 1

RLA Terminology- Stance phase (pg 77)

Answer 1

• 60% of gait cycle
  
  • initial contact
  • loading response
  • midstance
  • terminal stance
  • pre-swing

Question 2

RLA terminology- Swing phase

Answer 2

• 40% gait cycle
  
  • initial swing
  • midswing
  • terminal swing

Question 3

Stance phase- initial contact

Answer 3

• beginning of the stance phase that occurs when foot touches the ground

Question 4

Stance phase- Loading response

Answer 4

• corresponds to amount of time between initial contact and the beginning of the swing phase

Question 5

Stance phase- Midstance

Answer 5

• point in stance phase when the othe foot is off the floor until the body is directly over the stance limb

Question 6

Stance phase- Terminal stance

Answer 6

• terminal stance begins when the heel of the stance limb rises and ends when the other foot touches the ground

Question 7

Stance phase- Pre swing

Answer 7

• begins when the entire foot touches the ground and ends when the stance foot reaches toe off

Question 8

Swing phase- Initial swing

Answer 8

• begins when the stance foot lifts from the floor and ends with meximal knee flexion during swing

Question 9

Swing phase- Midswing

Answer 9

• midswing begins with maximizing knee flexion during swing and ends when the tibia is perpendicular with the ground

Question 10

Swing phase- terminal swing

Answer 10

• begins when the tibia is perpendicular to the floor and ends when the foot touches the ground

Question 11

Peak muscle activity during the gait cycle- Tibialis anterior

Answer 11

• just after heel strike
• responsible for eccentric lowering of the foot into plantar flexion

Question 12

Peak muscle activity during the gait cycle- Gastroc soleus group

Answer 12

• during late stance phase
• responsible for concentric raising of the heel during toe off

Question 13

Peak muscle activity during the gait cycle- Quadriceps group

Answer 13

• two periods of peak activity
  
  • single support during early stance phase
  • and just before toe off to initiate swing phase

Question 14

Peak muscle activity during the gait cycle- Hamstring group

Answer 14

• during late swing phase
• responsible for decelerating the unsupported limb

Question 15

Range of motion requirements for normal gait- hip flexion

Answer 15

0-30 degrees

Question 16

Range of motion requirements for normal gait- hip extension

Answer 16

0-10 degrees

Question 17

Range of motion requirements for normal gait- knee flexion

Answer 17

0-60 degrees

Question 18

Range of motion requirements for normal gait- knee extension

Answer 18

0 degrees

Question 19

Range of motion requirements for normal gait- ankle dorsiflexion

Answer 19

0-10 degrees

Question 20

Range of motion requirements for normal gait- ankle plantar flexion

Answer 20

0-20 degrees

Question 21

Base of support

Answer 21

• distance measured between the left and right foot during progression of gait
• the distance decreases as cadence increases
• average BOS for adults= 2-4 inches

Question 22

Cadence

Answer 22

• number of steps an individual will walk over a period of time
• average value for adult= 110-120 steps per min

Question 23

Degree of toe-out

Answer 23

• angle formed by each foot’s line of progression and a line intersecting the center of the heel and second toe
• average degree of toe out for adult= 7 degrees

Question 24

Double support phase

Answer 24

• refers to the two times during a gait cycle where both feet are on the ground
• time of double support increased as the speed of gait decreased
• phase does not exist with running

Question 25

Gait cycle

Answer 25

* refers to the sequence of motions that occur from initial contact of the heel to the next consecutive initial contact of the same heel

Question 26

Pelvic rotation

Answer 26

* rotation of pelvis occurs opposite the thorax in order to maintain balance and regulate speed * average pelvic rotation during gait of an adult is a total of 8 degrees (4 degrees forward wih the swing leg and 4 degrees backward with the stance leg)

Question 27

Single support phase

Answer 27

* occurs when only one foot is on the ground and occurs twice during a single gait cycle

Question 28

Step length

Answer 28

* distance measured between right heel strike and left heel strike * average step length for an adult is 28 inches

Question 29

Stride length

Answer 29

* distance measured between right heel strike and the following right heel strike * average for adults= 56 inches

Question 30

Abnormal gait patterns- **Antalgic**

Answer 30

* protective gait pattern where the involved step length is decreased in order to avoid weight bearing on the involved side, usually secondary to pain

Question 31

Abnormal gait patterns- **Ataxic**

Answer 31

* a gait pattern characterized by staggering and unsteadiness * there is usually a wide base of support and movement are exaggerated

Question 32

Abnormal gait patterns- **Cerebellar**

Answer 32

* staggering gait pattern seen in cerebellar disease * person walks with a wide base and has difficulty turning. The feet can be turned outward, and the person puts his or her weight first on the heel and then on the toes. The condition is caused by a lesion in thecerebellum or cerebellar pathways. Also called ataxic gait.

Question 33

Abnormal gait patterns- **Circumduction**

Answer 33

* gait pattern characterized by a circular motion to advance the leg during swing phase * may be used to compensate for insufficient hip or knee flexion or dorsiflexion

Question 34

Abnormal gait patterns- **Double step**

Answer 34

* a gait pattern in which alternate alternate steps are of different length or at a different rate

Question 35

Abnormal gait patterns- **Equine**

Answer 35

* a gait pattern characterized by high steps; usually involves excessive activity of the gastrocnemius

Question 36

Abnormal gait patterns- **Festinating**

Answer 36

* patient walks on toes as though pushed * starts slowly, increases, and may continue until the patient grasps an object in order to stop

Question 37

Abnormal gait patterns- **Hemiplegic**

Answer 37

* patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them

Question 38

Abnormal gait patterns- **Parkinsonian**

Answer 38

* marked by increased forward flexio of the trunk and knees; gait is shuffling with quick and small steps; festinating may occur

Question 39

Abnormal gait patterns- **Scissor**

Answer 39

* legs cross midline upon advancement

Question 40

Abnormal gait patterns- **Spastic**

Answer 40

* a gait pattern with stiff movement, toes seeming to catch and drag, legs held together, and hip and knee joints slightly flexed * commonly seen in spastic paraplegia (paralysis of legs and lower body)

Question 41

Abnormal gait patterns- **Steppage**

Question 42

Abnormal gait patterns- **Tabetic**

Question 43

Abnormal gait patterns- **Trendelenburg**

Answer 43

* denotes gluetus medius weakness, excessive lateral trunk flexion and weight shifting over the stance leg