Musculoskeletal V- Fractures, Pharmacology, Terminology Flashcards
(39 cards)
1
Q
Nonopiod agents- Action
A
- nonopiod agents provide analgesia and pain relief, produce anti inflammatory effects, and initiate anti-pyretic (reduces fever) properties
- these drugs promote a reduction of prostaglandin formation that decreases the inflammatory process , decreases uterine contractions, lowers fever, and minimizes impulse formation of pain fibers
2
Q
Nonopiod agents- Indications
A
- mild to moderate pain at various origins; fever, headache, muscle ache, inflammation (except acetaminophen), primary dysmenorrhea, reduction of risk of MI (aspirin only)
3
Q
Nonopiod agents- Side effects
A
- nausea, vomting, vertigo, abdominal pain, GI distress or bleeding, ulcer formation, potential for Reye syndrome in children (aspiring only)
- Reye- A rare but serious condition that causes confusion, swelling in the brain, and liver damage.
4
Q
Nonopiod agents- Implications for PT
A
- patients are at increased risk for masked pain that would allow for movement beyond limitation or false understanding of their level of mobility
- complaints of stomach pain should be taken seriously with subsequent referral to a physician
5
Q
Nonopiod agents- Examples
A
- Tylenol (acetaminophen); Non steroidal anti inflammatories (NSAIDs); Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), Aleve (naproxen), Advil (ibuprofen), Celebrex (celecoxib)
6
Q
Opioid agents (Narcotics)- Action
A
- opioid agents provide analgesia for acute severe pain management
- medication stimulates opioid receptors within the CNS to prevent pain impulses from reaching their destination
- certain drugs are also used to assist with dependency and withdrawal symptoms
7
Q
Opioid agents (Narcotics)- Indications
A
- moderate to severe pain of various origins, induction of conscious sedation prior to a diagnostic procedure, management of opioid dependence, relief of severe and persistent cough (codeine)
8
Q
Opioid agents (Narcotics)- Side effects
A
- mood swings, sedation, confusion, vertigo, dulled cognitive function, orthostatic hypotension, constipation, incoordination, physical dependence, tolerance
9
Q
Opioid agents (Narcotics)- Implications for PT
A
- therapist must monitor the patient for potantial side effects, especially signs of respiratory depression
10
Q
Opioid agents (Narcotics)- Examples
A
- Roxanol (Morphine), Demerol (Meperidine), OxyContin (oxycodone), Sublimaze (fetanyl), Paveral (Codeine)
11
Q
Glucocorticoid agents (Corticosteroids)- Action
A
- provide hormonal, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic effects including suppresion of articular and systemic diseases
- these agents reduce inflammation in chronic conditions that can damage healthy tissue through a series of reactions
- vasoconstriction results from stabilizing lysosomal membranes and enhancing the effects of catecholamines
12
Q
Glucocorticoid agents (Corticosteroids)– Indications
A
- replacement therapy for endocrine dysfunction, anti inflammatory and immunosuppresive effects; treatment of rheumatic, respiratory, and various other disorders
13
Q
Glucocorticoid agents (Corticosteroids)- Side effects
A
- muscle strophy, GI distress, glaucoma, adrenocortical suppression, drug-induced Cushing syndrome, weakening with breakdown of supporting tissues (bone, tendon, ligament, skin), mood changes, hypertension
14
Q
Glucocorticoid agents (Corticosteroids)- Implications for PT
A
- therapist must wear a mask when working with patients on glucocorticoid therapy since their immune system is weakened
- patients are at risk for opsteoporosis and muscle wasting
- treatment of an injected joint will require special care due to ligament and tendon laxity or weakening
15
Q
Glucocorticoid agents (Corticosteroids)- Examples
A
- Dermacort (hydrocortisone or cortisol), Cordrol (prednisone), Pediapred (predisolone), Medrol (methylprednisolone), Decadrol (dexamethasone)
16
Q
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agents- Action
A
- DMARDs slow or halt the progression of rheumatic disease
- used early during the disease process to slow the progression prior to widespread damage of the affected joints
- they act to reduce remission by modifying the pathology and inhibiting the immune response responsible for rheumatic disease
17
Q
Disease-modifying antirheumatic agents- Indications
A
- rheumatic disease, preferably during early treatment
18
Q
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agents- Side effects
A
- nausea, headache, joint pain swelling, toxicity, GI distress, sore throat, fever, liver dysfunction, hair loss, potential for sepsis, retinal damage
19
Q
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agents- Implications for PT
A
- therapists should recognize that many of the agents have a high incidence of toxicity
20
Q
Avulsion fracture
A
- portion of a bone becomes framented at the site of tendon attachment due to a traumatic and sudden stretch of the tendon
21
Q
Closed fracture
A
- break in a bone where the skin over the site remains intact
22
Q
Comminuted fracture
A
- bone that breaks into fragments at the site of injury
23
Q
Compound fracture
A
- a break in a bone that protrudes through the skin
24
Q
Greenstick fracture
A
- break on one side of a bone that does not damage the periosteum on the opposite side
- often seen in children
25
Nonunion fracture
* break in a bone that has failed to unite and heal after 9-12 months
26
Stress fracture
* break in a bone due to repeated forces to a particular portion of the bone
27
Spiral fracture
* break in a bone shaped like an "S" due to torsion and twisting
28
Bursitis
* condition caused by acute or chronic inflammation of the bursae
* symptoms may include a limitation in AROM secondary to pain and swelling
29
Contusion
* a sudden blow to a part of the body that can result to a mild to severe damage to superficial and deep structures
* Tx- AROM, Ice, and Compression
30
Edema
* increased volume of fluid in the soft tissue outside of a joint capsule
31
Effusion
* increased volume of fluid within a joint capsule
32
Genu Valgum
* condition where the knees touch while standing with the feet seperated
* genu valgum will increase compression of lateral tibial condyle and increase stress to the medial structures
* "knock-kneed"
33
Genu Varum
* condition where there is bowing of the legs with space between the knees while standing with the feet together
* Will increase compression of the medial tibial condyle and increase stress to the lateral structures
* "Bowleg"
34
Kyphosis
* excessive curvature of the spine in a posterior direction
* usually identified in thoracic spine
* common causes:
* osteoporosis
* compression fractures
* poor posture secondary to paralysis
35
Lordosis
* excessive curvature of the spine in an anterior direction
* usually identified in the cervical or lumbar spine
* common cause:
* weak abdominal muscles
* pregnancy
* excessive weight in abdominal area
* hip flexion contracture
36
Q angle
* degree of angulation present when measuring from the midpatella to the ASIS and the tibial tubercle
* normal Q angle measured in supine with knee straight is 13 degrees for a male and 18 degrees for a female
* abnormal can lead to bad tracking and pathology
37
Sprain- *Grades*
* **Grade I-**
* mild pain and swelling, little to no tear of ligament
* **Grade II-**
* moderate pain and swelling, minimal instability of the joint, minimal to moderate tearing of the ligament, decreased ROM
* **Grade III-**
* severe pain and swelling, substantial joint instability, total tear of the ligament, substantial decrease in ROM
38
Strain- *Grades*
* **Grade I-**
* localized pain, minimal swelling, and tenderness
* **Grade II-**
* localized pain, moderate swelling, tenderness, and impaired motor function
* **Grade III-**
* palpable defect of the muscle, severe pain, and poor motor function
39
Tendonitis
* condition caused by acute or chronic inflammation of a tendon, symptoms may include gradual onset, tenderness, swelling, and pain
