musculoskeletal imaging + radiologic evaluation of fracture

Question 1

Imaging can provide an ___(objective/subjective)___ visual aspect to make the PT assessment more comprehensive

Answer 1

objective

Question 2

professional technicians who produce radiology images

Answer 2

radiographers

Question 3

usually the first diagnostic study to be done following a clinical examination

Answer 3

musculoskeletal imaging

Question 4

what determines radiodensity

Answer 4

how much radiation something absorbs from the x-ray beam

Question 5

what color does soft tissue and fluids of the body show up as on an xray

Answer 5

gray

Question 6

2 types of conventional radiography

Answer 6

1. contrast-enhanced radiographs
2. conventional tomography

Question 7

radiolucent contrast media

Answer 7

negative contrast
(ex: air)

Question 8

radiopaque contrast media

Answer 8

positive contrast
(barium sulfate or iodide solution)

Question 9

study of joint and its soft tissue structures

Answer 9

arthrography

Question 10

a contrast media study of the spinal cord, nerve root and dura mater

Answer 10

myelography

Question 11

where the 2 puncture sites in myelography in the lumbar spine?

Answer 11

L2/3
L3/4

Question 12

where is the puncture site in myelography in the cervical spine?

Answer 12

C1/2

Question 13

when is conventional tomography used

Answer 13

with fractures of irregularly shaped bones
(ex: skull, tibial plateau, or the cervical vertebrae)

Question 14

fluorodeoxyglucose
(FDG)

Answer 14

“fake” glucose used in PET scan to detect abnormal biological function of cells (like cancer)

Question 15

imaging that diagnoses disease based on the physiological or functional changes of the tissue or organ

Answer 15

nuclear imaging

Question 16

used in confirming the presence of disease and demonstrating the distribution of disease in the skeleton

Answer 16

radionuclide bone scan

Question 17

noninvasive and nonionizing form of imaging that uses sound waves

Answer 17

ultrasonography

Question 18

x-ray beam and detector system and moves in an arc mathematically reconstructing an image of the body

Answer 18

computed tomography (CT)

Question 19

which imaging machine permits visualization of normal and abnormal biological function of cells

Answer 19

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan

Question 20

bone is fractured but still in tact

Answer 20

incomplete fracture

Question 21

what is a greenstick fracture and which population is most likely to get these

Answer 21

partial fracture due to bone bending and cracking

typically seen in children

Question 22

bone bends but does not break

Answer 22

buckle/torus fracture

Question 23

type of bone fracture where the bone is broken into 2+ pieces

Answer 23

comminuted fracture

Question 24

fracture where ligament/tendon pulls a fragment of bone away from the main bone

Answer 24

avulsion fracture

Question 25

closed reduction mechanism

Answer 25

soft tissue hinge is the linkage that allows the fracture to be reduced and stabilized (no surgical incisions are made, fragments are physically guided back into position and held by the soft-tissue hinge)

Question 26

open reduction mechanism

Answer 26

surgically expose the fracture site and uses plates and screws to keep bone in place

Question 27

3 types of fixation

Answer 27

external internal combination of external and internal

Question 28

external fixation

Answer 28

plaster cast or splint immobilizes bone from the OUTSIDE (looks like a big metal brace w rods)

Question 29

ORIF

Answer 29

combines open reduction and internal fixation

Question 30

bone grafts are considered a form of what type of fixation

Answer 30

INTERNAL fixation

Question 31

when is the first and second follow up radiologic evaluation after a bone break

Answer 31

week 3: evaluated to see callus formation 1 year: to see remodeling and no evidence of fracture

Question 32

Which of the following complications of fractures requires immediate medical attention? a) Fat embolism b) Deformity c) Depression and anxiety d) Edema and ecchymosis

Answer 32

a) fat embolism

Question 33

What is true about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)? a) It can be used for measuring blood flow. b) It is usually the first-order diagnostic imaging modality. c) Its primary use is to identify and characterize soft tissue injuries and pathological conditions. d) Ionizing radiation is the disadvantage of MRI.

Answer 33

c) Its primary use is to identify and characterize soft tissue injuries and pathological conditions.

Question 34

Which of the following is generally the first diagnostic study to be done following the clinical examination on a patient with musculoskeletal disorder? a) Magnetic Resonance Imaging b) X-ray c) Computed Tomography d) Positron Emission Tomography

Answer 34

b) X-ray

Question 35

A PT treats a 38 y/o male patient with fibula fracture 2 weeks ago. The patient complains of numbness and severe muscle pain in his lower leg since this morning. The PT identifies a significant swelling on patient’s lower leg and suspects there is a development of compartmental syndrome. Which of the following actions is the best? a) Call 911. b) Contact patient’s physician and seek immediate medical attention. c) Continue the PT treatment and ask the patient to visit the nearest urgent care facility after the visit. d) Ask the patient to go home and come back tomorrow.

Answer 35

b) Contact patient’s physician and seek immediate medical attention

Question 36

imaging tool used to localize bone tumors

Answer 36

bone scintigraphy (bone scan)

Question 37

which imaging tool best demonstrates the internal architecture of muscles, ligaments, and tendons; to show degenerative changes and longitudinal tears

Answer 37

ultrasound imaging