Musculoskeletal + Rheumatology Flashcards

Question

List symptoms of giant cell arteritis

Answer 1

- New onset, localised headache, usually in temporal area with tenderness, thickening or nodularity - Systemic features (fever, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss and depression) - Features of PMR - Jaw claudication, visual disturbances - Limb claudication

Answer 2

- Same day referral to opthalmologist if eye involvement - High dose steroids (prednisolone) before confirmation of biopsy. Assess initial response within 48 hours. Reduce dose slowly over many months. - Osteoporosis prophylaxis - Treatment is often required for 1-2 years - Frequent follow ups for relapses and steroid side effects

Answer 3

- Unknown cause - Age. Giant cell arteritis affects adults only, and rarely those under 50. Most people with this condition develop signs and symptoms between the ages of 70 and 80. - Women are about two times more likely to develop the condition than men are. - Giant cell arteritis is most common among white people in Northern European populations or of Scandinavian descent. - Polymyalgia rheumatica. - Family history.

Answer 4

- The annual incidence of giant cell arteritis in the UK population is approximately 20 per 100,000 people - A full-time GP is likely to see a new case every 1–2 years - It is rare before 50 years of age and the highest incidence is in people aged 70–79 years - It is seven times more common in white people than in black people and is particularly common in Scandinavian people, with an annual incidence of approximately 30 per 100,000 people in Norway - It is 2–3 times more common in women than in men

Answer 5

- Blood tests: full blood count, urea and electrolytes, liver function tests, C-reactive Protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). There is often evidence of an acute-phase response on blood tests, ie raised ESR, CRP, platelets, abnormal liver chemistry (particularly alkaline phosphatase) - ESR first line investigation (over 50mm/hr) - Chest X-ray - Urinalysis. - Temporal artery biopsy (multinuclear giant cells) - Ultrasound of temporal artery (halo sign)

Answer 6

- Temporal artery may be tender, thickened, beaded. It may be difficult to feel the pulse - They may complain of scalp tenderness brushing the hair, touching the forehead - Jaw claudication leading to pain eating food - Evidence of large vessel vasculitis should be sought – delayed or absent pulses in upper limbs, subclavian or carotid bruits, blood pressure asymmetry - An ophthalmological exam should be carried out – look for transient or permanent visual loss, visual field defect, relative afferent papillary defect, anterior ischaemic optic neuritis, central retinal artery occlusion - Look for evidence of upper cranial nerve palsies.

Answer 7

- Total or partial loss of vision may occur in up to 20% of people with giant cell arteritis - The risk of vision loss was greater in older people. - Large artery complications include aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, large artery stenosis, and aortic regurgitation. - Cardiovascular disease (such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease) is more common in people with giant cell arteritis. - Peripheral neuropathy. - Depression. - Confusion and encephalopathy (in about 30% of people). - Deafness. - Complications of long-term corticosteroid treatment (for example weight gain, bruising, osteoporosis and fractures, and diabetes).

Answer 8

- Relapses are common and can occur if corticosteroid treatment is reduced or withdrawn too quickly - About 30–50% of people have spontaneous exacerbations of disease, especially during the first 2 years, that are independent of the corticosteroid regimen

Answer 9

- Axial spondyloarthritis characterized by sacroiliitis on x-ray. Axial spondyloarthritis can also occur in the absence of x-ray changes and this is classified as non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (although changes may be visible on magnetic resonance imaging). - Spondyloarthritis is a term describing a group of clinically heterogeneous inflammatory rheumatologic conditions. It may be axial, affecting the sacroiliac joints and the spine, or peripheral (psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, or enteropathic spondyloarthritis)

Answer 10

- Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis is believed to range from 0.05% to 0.23% - Estimates of the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis vary between countries with mean prevalence per 10,000 of 31.9 in North America, 23.8 in Europe, 16.7 in Asia, 10.2 in Latin America, and 7.4 in Africa - Uveitis of 25.8% (95% CI 24.1 to 27.6). - Psoriasis of 9.3% (95% CI 8.1 to 10.6). - Inflammatory bowel disease of 6.8% (95% CI 6.1 to 7.7).

Answer 11

- Around twice as many men have ankylosing spondylitis compared with women, although this varies depending on - It most commonly begins between 20 and 30 years of age, with 90–95% of people aged less than 45 years at disease onset - Spondyloarthritis (particularly axial disease) is associated with the HLA-B27 antigen, although axial spondyloarthritis can occur in people without HLA-B27

Answer 12

- Episodic Pain – usually in the buttocks and/or lower back. The pain is: - Worse in the morning - Relieved by exercise - May wake the patient during the night – particularly in the second half of the night – after about 2am. - May be felt in the buttocks – especially if the sacroiliac joints are affected - Stiffness is typically worse in the mornings - Fever and weight loss may occur during episodes of pain - Anterior chest pain - 1/3 patients get anterior uveitis - Enesthitis

Answer 13

- Spinal stiffness – can be measured with Schoeber’s test where you measure 10cm above the dimples of Venus with the patient standing upright. - Place a dot here. As the patient to flex forward (touch their toes). Then re-measure the gap with the patient in this position. Normally, the gap should increase to >15cm. In AS, the gap increases less than this - Wall to tragus distance increased - Increased thoracic kyphosis – “question mark posture” - Retention of lumbar lordosis in flexion - Paraspinal muscle wasting - Uveitis - Pain when pressing on lower sacrum

Answer 14

Diagnosis requires any of: - 1 clinical criteria + radiological criteria met - 3 clinical criteria present - Radiological criteria present - Diagnosis does not require radiological evidence Clinical criteria - Low back pain >3 months, improves with exercise, not relieved by rest - Limited chest expansion relative to normal values for age and sex - Limited lumbar spine motion in both the fontal and sagittal planes - Radiological criteria – sacroiliitis on x-ray, bamboo spine (ossification of ligaments) Can also measure HLA B27, raised CRP and ESR, seronegative

Answer 15

A disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture.

Answer 16

- Age (bone breakdown by osteoclasts increases, and is not balanced by new bone formation) - Endocrine diseases - GI conditions causing malabsorption - CKD - chronic liver disease - COPD - Menopause - Immobility - Low BMI - Oral corticosteroids - Smoking - Alcohol - Fragility fracture - Rheumatological conditions - SSRI, PPI, Anticonvulsant drugs

Answer 17

- Women at increased risk at menopause - 2% at age 50 to 50% at age 80 - 2 million women have osteoporosis - 1 in 3 women and 1 in 5 men will sustain an osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime - White men and women at increased risk

Answer 18

- Stooped posture - Often fragility fracture is the first sign Common fractures: - Neck of femur - Wrist (colles) - Lumbar spine (vertebral wedge fractures) - Shoulder (neck of humerus)

Answer 19

- DEXA scan in at risk patients - T-score -2.5 or less is indicative of osteoporosis - T score is healthy young patient, Z score is age matched

Answer 20

Osteoarthritis is defined as a disorder of synovial joints which occurs when damage triggers repair processes leading to structural changes within a joint. - Localised loss of cartilage - Remodeling and formation of osteophytes - Mild synovitis

Answer 21

- 8.5 million people age over 45in the UK - 18% of over 45s have sought treatment for osteoarthritis of the knee - 8% of the UK population age over 45 have sought treatment for osteoarthritis of the hip - 6% of over 45 have sought treatment for the hand and hip - 1/3 women and 1/4 men between 45-64 - Half of people age over 75

Answer 22

- Genes - Increasing age - Female sex - Obesity - High bone density - Low bone density - Joint injury and damage - Joint laxity and reduced muscle strength - Joint malalignment - Exercise stresses - Occupational stresses

Answer 23

- Activity related joint pain (one or a few joints affected at any time, develops over months or years) - No morning joint stiffness or not lasting longer than 30 minutes - CMC, DIP or PIP pain radiating towards the thumb or distal forearm

Answer 24

- Bony swelling and joint deformity - Joint effusions - Joint warmth and/or tenderness - Muscle wasting and weakness - Restricted painful range of joint movement, crepitus - Joint instability - Wasting of thenar muscles - CMC fixed flezion deformity with hyperextension of distal joints - In advanced disease, squaring at the joint caused by subluxation - Ulnar or radial deviation - Mucoid cysts - Heberden and bouchards nodes - Antalgic gait, tendelenburg gait

Answer 25

- X ray of affected joint - Subcondral bone thickening or cysts - Osteophyte formation - Narrowing of joint space

Answer 26

- Liver - Obstructive liver disease and bone disease (malignancy, fracture, Pagets) - In myeloma, ALP is NORMAL as osteoblasts make ALP and plasma cells suppress osteoblasts

Answer 27

A collection of symptoms and signs caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel.

Answer 28

- Variations in the anatomy of the carpal tunnel - Age over 30 years - High body mass index, pregnancy - Occupations involving repetitive movements of the wrist - Familial and psychosocial factors

Answer 29

- More common in developed countries and white people. Very rare in South African populations - 3.5 per 1000

Answer 30

- Numbness of the hand, relieved by shaking - Worse at night - In median nerve distribution - Intermittent symptoms - Gradual onset - Weak hand - Clumbsy - Weakness of thenar muscles - Normal reflexes - Stiff fingers - Cold sensitivity - Tinels sign (pain on tapping the median nerve)

Answer 31

- EMG slowing of conduction through median nerve - Ultrasound of the wrist - Wrist MRI (may find space occupying lesion)

Answer 32

ACL (heard as a pop)

Answer 33

- An inflammatory arthritis that occurs after exposure to certain gastrointestinal and genitourinary infections. - Spondylarthropathy assoicated with HLA B27

Answer 34

- Occurs mainly in adults. - The prevalence is thought to be 30 to 40 cases per 100,000 adults, with an annual incidence of 4.6 per 100,000 for Chlamydia-induced arthritis and 5 per 100,000 for enterobacteria-induced arthritis. - The attack rate of ReA after a C trachomatis infection ranges from about 4% to 8%, and that of post-dysentery ReA ranges from 1.5% to about 30%. - One study found that the arthritis persisted at 2 years in nearly half (47%) of affected patients

Answer 35

- The most commonly implicated bacterial species are Chlamydia, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, and Yersinia species - Chlamydia most common cause

Answer 36

- Male sex - HLA-B27 genotype - Preceding chlamydial or gastrointestinal infection - BCG immunotherapy - Age 20-30

Answer 37

- Peripheral or axial arthritis (painful, swollen, warm, stiff, asymmetrical oligoartritis) - Fever, fatigue, weight loss - Enesthitis (tendon inflammation) - Mucous membrane involvement - Skin rash (keratoderma blenorrhagica, circinate balanitis) - Genital ulcer, urethral symptoms - Ocular manifestations (anterior uveitis) - Cardiac manifestations (aortitis) Rieters syndrome: reactive arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis

Answer 38

- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR high) - C-reactive protein (CRP high) - Antinuclear antibody (ANA negative) - Rheumatoid factor (negative) - Anti CCP - most specific - Urogenital and stool cultures - Plain x-rays (sacroilitis or enthesopathy) - Arthrocentesis with synovial fluid analysis (negative) - HLA-B27 - Nucleic acid amplification tests - MRI

Answer 39

- A heterogeneous group of sub-acute, chronic, and, rarely, acute diseases of skeletal muscle that have in common the presence of moderate-to-severe proximal muscle weakness and inflammation on muscle biopsy. - Based on distinct features, they are divided into 3 groups: polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis.

Answer 40

- Dermatomyositis age 15 to 59, affects women more than men. 1819 people in 2007 admitted in UK - Polymyositis 2nd decade of life, rare in childhood, higher incidence in women - Inclusion body myositis rare, 4.9 cases per million. 3 times more common in women, more likely over 50 years. More common in white people (while dermatomyositis and polymyositis more common in black people)

Answer 41

- Infection (coxsackie, influenza, retroviruses, cytomegalovirus, EBV) - Genetic (HLA) - Environmental (UV radiation, hydroxyurea) - Immunological (20% of patients

Answer 42

- Children and age >40 years - Exposure to high intensity of global UV radiation - Genetic predisposition - Female sex and/or black ethnicity (polymyositis and dermatomyositis) - Male sex and/or white ethnicity (inclusion body myositis) - Lipid-lowering agents - HIV - Viral infections (excluding HIV) - Non-viral infection - Vaccination - D-penicillamine - Other drugs or toxins

Answer 43

- Frequent falls - Fatigue and generalised malaise - Proximal myopathy over months - Weight loss - SOB - Dysphagia, dysphonia - Myalgia - Arthralgia - Palpatations - Symptoms of MI Dermatomyositis: - Facial rash - Erythematous rash - Facial muscle weakness - Heliotrope rash (around the eyes) - Gottrons papules (hands) - Shawl sign (rash across upper back) - Mechanics hands

Answer 44

- Abnormal breath sounds - Mild fever - Nail fold changes (dilation of capillary loops or periungual area) - Skin calcinosis - Joint swelling - Arrhythmias - Signs of heart failure/MI - Physical findings of malignancy (in up to 45% of patients) - Systemic signs - Peripheral neuropathy Skin changes in dermatomyositis

Answer 45

Dermatomyositis - ANA< Anti-Mi-2, anti-Jo abs Polymyositis - anti-Jo antibodies - CK (raised) - EMG (short duration, low amplitude) - Muscle biopsy (polymyositis, muscle necrosis, atrophy, muscle fibre regeneration) - Aldolase (elevated) - LDH (elevated) - Alanine transaminases (elevated) - Myoglobin (elevated) - ESR (elevated) - ANA (positive), SLE dsDNA, ENA ro and la (sjogrens), systemic sclerosis centrometer sc170 - Myositis-specific antibodies (type-specific antibodies)

Answer 46

- A chronic bone disorder that is characterised by focal areas of increased bone remodelling, resulting in overgrowth of poorly organised bone. Increased osteoclasts and osteoblasts associated with reultent remodelling. - This unbalanced process may lead to osseous deformities, altered joint biomechanics, nerve compressions, and pathological fractures.

Answer 47

- Rare under 40 - Incidence rises with age (3% over 55) - Commoner in temperate climates and anglo-saxans - Mean age of onset 55 - May be monostotic (25%) or polyostotic (75%)

Answer 48

- Genetics - autosomal dominant with variable penetrance, relative risk as high as 7 in first degree relatives - Infection (paramyxoviruses - measles, respiratory syncitial) - Environmental (high levels of arsenic, contact with pets)

Answer 49

- Family history of Paget's disease - Age >50 years - Male sex (45- to 74-years age group) - Infection (paramyxovirus) - Environmental factors (arsenic, cattle, dogs)

Answer 50

- 70% asymptomatic - Deep, boring pain - Bony deformity and enargement, typically of the pelvis, lumbar spine, skill, femur, tibia (frontal bossing, pronathism, bone bowing) - Pathological fractures - Osteoarthritis - Nerve compression due to bone overgrowth (eg. deafness, carpal tunnel) - High output CCF) - Osteosarco,a (1% of those affected for over 10 years)

Answer 51

- Plain x ray (pelvis, long bones, skill, lytic changes commonly seen in the scull, occaisonal incomplete fractures in late stages sclerotic. Pepper pot skull, enlargement of bone, cortical thickening, ) - Bone scan (tec 99 tracer shows areas of dense uptake) - Alk phos, bone specific alk phos (raised) - Serum calcium, procollagen 1 N-terminal peptice, serum C terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen (calcium normal others raised) - Potassium and PTH normal - LFT (norm) - Vit D (norm) - CT/MRI - Bone biopsy (most sensitive and specific test - osteoclasts with multiple nuclei, wide canaliculi with disorganised bone matrix, mosaic pattern of poorly organised lamellar bone)

Answer 52

- Lytic phase (bone lysis due to ostroclasts) - Mixed phase (compensation by osteoblasts) - Sclerotic phase (hyperactive osteoblasts with woven bone).

Answer 53

- An inflammatory condition of bone caused most commonly by Staph aureus - Can affect multiple bones

Answer 54

- 2% per year in developed countries (peripheral) | - Higher for men than women, increases with increasing age

Answer 55

- Direct inoculation of microorganisms to bone, or contiguous focus of infection - IVDU - Most commonly after injury or surgery, often implant related - Most patient groups S aureus most common causative agent, older adults gram negative bacilli most common causative agent - Slamonella Spp more common in sickle cell pts - Cellulitis, localised infection

Answer 56

- Previous penetrating injury - IVDU - Diabetes - HIV infection - Recent surgery - Sickle cell disease - RA - CKD - Immunocompromising conditions

Answer 57

- Limp - Non-specific pain - Malaise and fatigue - Local back pain - Paravertebral muscle tenderness and spasn - Tenderness, erytema, swelling - Fever, rigors - Uncommonly spinal cord compression - Reduced range of movement - UTI symptoms on older adults - Discharge from associated wound

Answer 58

- FBC - ESR, WCC (raised) - CRP - Blood culture - Plain X rays (no changes first 2 weeks, then darkening and periosteal thickening in infected areas) - Bone samples and biopsy - PCR - Swabs - Urine dip

Answer 59

Infection of one or more joints caused by pathogenic inoculaton of microbes

Answer 60

- 6 per 100000 population per year | - In patients with underlying joint disease or prosthetic joints, increased incidence (x10_

Answer 61

- Direct or haematogenous - Predominantly staphylococci or streptococci (91% of cases) - Staph aureus over 30, neisseria gonorrhoea under 30 Risks - Pre existing joint disease - Joint prostheses - IVDU - Immunosuppressive medication - HIV infection - Alcohol use disorder - Diabetes - Steroid injection - Joint surgery - Skin infections - Ticks

Answer 62

- Hot swollen, painful restricted joint - Acute presentation - Fever - Most common joint knee

Answer 63

- Synovial fluid microscopy, gram stain (aspirate is turbid, yellow, low viscosity) - Culture and sensitivities + white count of fluid - Blood culture - WCC - ESR/CRP - U and E - LFT - Plain X ray - Ultrasound

Answer 64

Gout - 3-6% men and 1-2% women - Increases with age Pseudogout - More common with increasing age, and in women - 4.5% prevalence in UK

Answer 65

- Anterior uveitis - Mucosal and skin lesions - IBD - Psoriasis - Myocardial involvement (aortic regurg and cardiac conduction defects)

Answer 66

- Felty syndrome is usually described as associated with or a complication of rheumatoid arthritis. - This disorder is generally defined by the presence of three conditions: rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an enlarged spleen and neutropenia

Answer 67

- Anterior uveitis - Aortitis - Aortic vavle regurg - AV conduction fibrosis (heart block) - Apical lung fibrosis - IgA nephropathy

Answer 68

a chronic pain syndrome diagnosed by the presence of widespread body pain

Answer 69

- 0.5-5% population - In the US 2% - More common in women than men (possibly due to previous diagnostic criteria) - 20-60 year onset, average age 35 years - Prevalence increases wit age - First degree relatives 8 times more likely

Answer 70

- Chronic pain disorder - central sensitisation syndrome - Nociplastic pain - Familial (serotinergic, dopaminergic and catecholaminergic gene abnormalities) - Sometimes comorbid psychiatric conditions

Answer 71

- Family history - Rheumatological conditions (esp. autoimmune) - Age 20-60 - Female sex - Presence of associated conditions (IBS, tension headache, CFS, TMJ, cystitis)

Answer 72

- Chronic pain (widespread) - Diffuse tenderness - Fatigue unrelieved by rest - Sleep disturbance - Mood disturbance - Cognitive dysfunction - Headaches - Numbness/tinglign sensations - Stiffness - Sensitivity to sensory stimuli (eg. bright lights, odours, noises)

Answer 73

- Clinical diagnosis (presence of chronic (>3 monthh) widespread body pain with associated symptoms) - Consider ESR/CRP, TFT, FBC, RA, anti-CCP, ANA, vit D

Answer 74

- A conduction block in the axons of a spinal nerve or its roots, with impact on motor axons causing weakness, and sensory axons causing paraesthesia and or anaesthesia

Answer 75

- Most commonly nerve compression - Intervertebral disc prolapse mainly affecting lumbar spine - Degenerative diseases leading to stenosis (cervical) - Fracture - Malignancy - Infection (eg. extradural abscess, osteomyelitis, herpes zoster)

Answer 76

- Paraesthesia, numbness, weakness - Radicular pain is burning, deep, strap like or narrow. May be intermittent. - May radiate to the legs (sciatic) - Red flag - cauda equina symptoms, immunosuppression, unexplained fevers, trauma, new onset after 50 years - Decreased reflexes, weakness, hypotonia (LMN)

Answer 77

- Most common 30-50 - Males more commonly affected - 5% of back pain causes - Herniation most commonly L5-S1, second most common L4-L5

Answer 78

- Straight leg raising manouvres (striaght leg raises causes pain in the ipsilateral leg, radiating to affected nerve root) - Bragard sign (ankle dorsiflexion on straight leg raise causes reproduction of pain) - Crossed straight leg raise (opposite leg raised increases contralateral pain) - Spurling manouvre (forward flexion, tilting and rotation of the head towards the affected side and application of sownward pressure causes pain in cervical spine radiculopathy) - MRI to confirm diagnosis (disc degeneraion sclerosed hypodense disc, prolapse herniation with oedema, look for mass) - CT myelogram to analyse bone structure - Plain radiograph for tumours

Answer 79

- Degeneration of the vertebral column from any cause - Spinal osteoarthritis is the most common cause - Can compress on spinal cord or nerve root

Answer 80

- Most adults age over 40 have severe degeneration of at least 1 cerical level (commonly C5/6) but only a subset present with neck pain - Radiculopathy and myopathy incidence much lower - Affects women more - Prevalence increases with age, 50-59 years most commonly - 18-23 per 1000 GP neck pin, 10% becomes chronic

Answer 81

- Underlying joint regenration - Genetic predisposition - Occupational factors - Trauma, daily wear and tear - Osteoarthrtiis most common cause

Answer 82

- Radiculopathy (pain, paraesthesia, muscle weakness) - Stiffness - Poor balance - Limited range of movement - Tenderness - Radiating arm pain (if neck) - Reflex changes - Gait ataxia (cervical myelopathy)

Answer 83

- X ray for osteophytes, narrowing of joint spaces with encroachment of intervertebral coraminae - MRI - Cervical compression test (latrally flex and downward pressure causes pain) - Lhermitte sign (electric shock with neck flexion)

Answer 84

A systemic autoimmune disorder characterised by dry eyes and dry mouth due to lymphocytic infiltration to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

Answer 85

- Primary 9:1 female to male, onset age 40-50 - 0.5-1.56% prevalence - Secondary associated with connective tissue disease (RA, SLE, systemic sclerosis) - 60% - 20-30 peak, post menopause peak.

Answer 86

- Unknown - HLAII markers A1, B8 or DR3/DQ2 have been associated - HLA-DR3 linked in anti-Ro and anti-La production - ANA +ve - Greater prevalence in females may be due to oestrogen and/or androgen deficiency - EBV and adenovirus may be associated

Answer 87

- Dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) due to reduced tear production - Decreased salivation (xerostomia - dry mouth, caries) - Fatigue - Parotid swelling - Other glands affected causing vaginal dryness, dysparaunia (painful sex), dry cough, dysphagia - Systemic - polyarthritis/arthralgia, raynauds, lymphadenopaty, vasculitis, lung, liver, kidney involvement, peripheral neuropathy, myositis, atigue

Answer 88

- Female - SLE - RA - Systemic sclerosis - HLAII markers - 20-30 or post menopause - Genetic

Answer 89

- Schirmers test, measure tears by placing tracing paper below the conjunctival sac. Positive if less than 5mm paper wetted after 5 mins - Anti-60kD Ro and anti-La (90% patients with Sjogren) - ANA - Rheumatoid factor - Rose Bengal staining shows keratitis - Biopsy of salivary gland shows focal lymphocytic aggregation

Answer 90

- Episcleritis, scleritis - Lymphadenopathy - Carpal tunnel syndrome - Rheumatoid nodules (occur in areas of repeated trauma or pressure (eg. elbow, fingers, forearms), in those who are seropositive) - Secondary Sjogrens/ sicca - Pulmonary fibrosis/ pleuritis - Bronchiolitis obliterans - Pericarditis - Tenosynovitis, bursitis - Amyloidosis - Felty syndrome - ACD

Answer 91

- Complications of RA | - Neutropenia, splenomegaly, Rh artritis

Answer 92

- Chronic inflammatory diseases which are seronegative (ie. no Rh factor) - HLA B27 association, more common in men - Psoriatic arthritis - Enteropathic arthritis - Ankylosing spondylitis - Reactive arthritis

Answer 93

- Soft tissue changes - Loss of normal fat pad planes - Effusions in adjacent joints

Musculoskeletal + Rheumatology Flashcards

(117 cards)