Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Movement
4. Structure/ Shape
5. Mineral Storage
6. Blood Cell Production

Question 2

What is the purpose of ligaments?

Answer 2

Attaches bone to bone

Question 3

What is the purpose of tendons?

Answer 3

Attaches bone to muscle

Question 4

What is a joint?

Answer 4

A point where two or more bones meet

Question 5

What are the 4 types of bone? Include an example for each

Answer 5

1. Short bones - Carpals (in the hand)
2. Long bones - Femur
3. Flat bones - Cranium
4. Irregular bones - Vertebrae

Question 6

Role of long bones? 2 sporting examples linking to the name of the bones.

Answer 6

Used in gross movements

1. Kicking the ball in Football - Femur
2. Shoulder pass in Netball - Humerus

Question 7

Role of short bones? A sporting example linking to the name of the bone.

Answer 7

Used in fine movements & to support the weight of the body.

1. A gymnast performing a handstand - carpals/ tarsals in the hand and wrist to keep the gymnast balanced.

Question 8

Role of flat bones? Include a sporting example linking to name of the bone/s.

Answer 8

Protection of vital organs
Provides a broad surface for muscle attachment

Example: The cranium protecting the brain when hearing a football

Question 9

What are irregular bones? What are they used for?

Answer 9

They are specifically shaped to perform particular functions

1. Protection
2. Muscle attachment

Examples: Patella and Vertebrae

Question 10

What happens when a muscle contracts?

Answer 10

It shortens

Question 11

What happens when a muscle relaxes?

Answer 11

It lengthens

Question 12

Name the 4 major muscles (groups) in the leg

Answer 12

1. Quadricep (group)
2. Hamstring (group)
3. Gastrocnemius
4. Tibialis Anterior

Question 13

How are muscles attached to bones?

Answer 13

Tendons

Question 14

The tendon at the non-moving end is called the … ?

Answer 14

Origin

Question 15

The tendon at the moving end is called the … ?

Answer 15

Insertion

Question 16

Name the 2 types of muscle contraction

Answer 16

1. Isotonic

2. Isometric

Question 17

Define an Isotonic contraction

Answer 17

Muscles changing length during a contraction

Question 18

What are the 2 types of Isotonic contraction? Define them.

Answer 18

Eccentric - When the muscle lengthens

Concentric - When the muscle shortens

Question 19

Define an Isometric contraction

Answer 19

Muscles staying the same length

Question 20

Sporting example of an Isometric contraction

Answer 20

Plank

Handstand

Question 21

Sporting example of an Isotonic contraction (include movement at the joint)

Answer 21

Upward phase of a bicep curl 
- flexion at the elbow
Concentric contraction
- bicep is the agonist
- tricep is the antagonist

Question 22

Name the 3 types of joints and include an example of each

Answer 22

1. Freely moveable (synovial) - Knee
2. Slightly moveable - Ribs
3. Fixed - Cranium

Question 23

Slightly moveable joints are held together by … and joined by … ?

Answer 23

Ligaments

Cartilage

Question 24

Fixed joints are held together by … ?

Answer 24

Tough fibres

Question 25

Name the 4 structures of synovial joints that prevent injury

Answer 25

1. Cartilage 2. Synovial Fluid 3. Ligaments 4. Tendons

Question 26

Function of synovial fluid

Answer 26

Lubrication of the joints, allowing it to move freely

Question 27

Function of Cartilage

Answer 27

Acts as a buffer, prevents the ends of the bones rubbing together.

Question 28

Name the 2 types of freely moveable joints

Answer 28

1. Ball and Socket | 2. Hinge

Question 29

Name 7 movements at a joint (FEAR PAD)

Answer 29

1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Adduction 4. Abduction 5. Rotation 6. Plantar-flexion 7. Dorsi-flexion

Question 30

Define Flexion

Answer 30

Decreasing the angle at a joint

Question 31

Define Extension

Answer 31

Increasing the angle at a joint

Question 32

Define Adduction

Answer 32

The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

Question 33

Define Abduction

Answer 33

The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

Question 34

Define Rotation

Answer 34

The circular motion at a joint

Question 35

Define Plantar-flexion

Answer 35

Pointing the toes away from the body

Question 36

Define Dorsi-flexion

Answer 36

Pointing the toes towards the body

Question 37

What 3 components make up a Lever System?

Answer 37

1. Fulcrum (F) - the fixed point/ pivot 2. Resistance (R) - the point where the weight is coming from 3. Effort (E) - the point where the force is applied

Question 38

3 classifications of levers

Answer 38

``` 1st class 2nd class 3rd class ```

Question 39

Sporting example of a 1st class lever

Answer 39

Header in Football

Question 40

Sporting example of a 2nd class lever

Answer 40

Take off phase of a long jump

Question 41

Sporting example of a 3rd class lever

Answer 41

Bicep curl (during flexion)

Question 42

Define Mechanical Advantage (include a sporting example)

Answer 42

The output force is greater than the input force. (A greater load can be lifted) Striking the ball in Cricket

Question 43

Define Mechanical Disadvantage (include sporting example)

Answer 43

The output force is less than the input force. (The longer the RESISTANCE ARM - The greater the speed) Bowling in Cricket

Question 44

How do we increase Mechanical Advantage in a sporting environment? How does this help us?

Answer 44

By using equipment such as rackets or bats to extend/lengthen the EFFORT ARM - increasing the force applied

Question 45

Which Lever System do we associate with Mechanical Disadvantage?

Answer 45

3rd class lever

Question 46

Name the 3 Planes of movement & describe their Axes | Some Times Fun Starts Too Late

Answer 46

Sagittal Plane - Transverse Axes Frontal Plane - Sagittal Axes Transverse Plane - Longitudinal Axes

Question 47

Sporting example of the use of the Sagittal Plane & Transverse Axes

Answer 47

``` Forward roll Front Somersault Rugby Lineout Kicking a football Shooting a Basketball ```

Question 48

What Planes and Axes are used to perform a cartwheel?

Answer 48

Frontal Plane Sagittal Axes Also, a Football Goalkeeper diving to make a save or the Butterfly technique in Swimming.

Question 49

Which Plane and Axes allows a 360 degree rotation? (include sporting example)

Answer 49

Transverse Plane Longitudinal Axes Preparation phase of a Discus throw Cricket Bowl

Question 50

When muscles contract they .... the bone

Answer 50

Pull

Question 51

How can we relate the function of 'blood cell production' of the skeletal system to physical activity?

Answer 51

Blood Cell Production - The pelvis, sternum, vertebrae and clavicle contain (red) bone marrow. This produces red blood cells, which carries oxygen to the working muscles. (Allowing them to work for a longer period of time).

Question 52

How can we relate the function of 'structural shape' of the skeletal system to physical activity?

Answer 52

Provides shape for the body | Gives a point of attachment for the muscles

Question 53

How can we relate the function of 'protection' of the skeletal system to physical activity?

Answer 53

Protection of vital organs, reducing the risk of injury on impact. (e.g the ribs protect the heart and lungs during a rugby tackle)

Question 54

How can we relate the function of 'mineral storage' of the skeletal system to physical activity?

Answer 54

The bones act as a mineral store for calcium and phosphorous - if the body requires these minerals, they can be released form the storage in the bones.

Question 55

How can we relate the function of 'movement' of the skeletal system to physical activity?

Answer 55

The skeleton allows movement of the body at a joint. The bones act as levers, using the muscles (attached by tendons) as 'pulleys' to create movement.

Question 56

How can we relate the function of 'support' of the skeletal system to physical activity?

Answer 56

The skeleton keeps the body upright, providing a framework for muscle attachment