Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

Movement

Answer 1

Interaction between sensory, cognitive and motor systems

Question 2

Sensory system

Answer 2

Sensory infor about body and environment

Question 3

Cognitive system

Answer 3

Attention, planning, problem solving,motivation

Question 4

Motor system

Answer 4

Neuromuscular and biomedical systems for movement

Question 5

Motor Unit

Answer 5

Nerve and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 6

Higher centers of NS

Answer 6

Primary Motor Cortex, Supplemental Motor Area, Premotor cortex, cerebellum, Basal ganglia

Question 7

Primary motor cortex

Answer 7

Speed and force of movement

Question 8

Supplemental motor area

Answer 8

Preplanning movements, proactive

Question 9

Premotor cortex

Answer 9

Visually guided movements

Question 10

Cerebellum

Answer 10

Coordinates movements for Accuracy, timing and intensity

Question 11

Basal ganglia

Answer 11

Controls posture and adaptation of varying tasks (feedback)

Question 12

Prenatal MSK

Answer 12

Develops from mesoderm at 2nd 1/2 of grestation, splitting into myotomes, forms aponeurosis
21 wks: type 1
30 wks: type 2

Question 13

Infant and Childhood MSK

Answer 13

@ birth 25% of body mass is muscle, increase in strength

Question 14

Males 2m -16yrs MSK

Answer 14

14x increase in fiber numbers until adolescence

Question 15

Males 5-17yrs MSK

Answer 15

41-53% increase of fibers

Question 16

Females 3-10yrs Msk

Answer 16

Peak increase in size

Question 17

Females 5-17years

Answer 17

41-42% increase of fibers

Question 18

Adolescence MSK

Answer 18

Fibers at adult levels, growth spurt (muscles lengthen when bones grow), strength increases and endurance

Question 19

Peak strength

Answer 19

20-30s

Question 20

Adulthood MSK

Answer 20

Decrease in strength and coordination at 30 (5% decrease each decade), steady decline at 50, 50-70 decrease 30%, rapid decrease at 70.

Question 21

Older Adults MSK

Answer 21

Sarcopenia: decrease in muscle mass, function, number, and functional units
Senile muscular atrophy: muscle wasting; loss of strength, speed, ans mobility, loss of power (type 2). Decrease reaction time

Question 22

Epiphyseal lines

Answer 22

Where growth plates have closed

Question 23

Prenatal skeletal

Answer 23

Develop from mesenchyme

Question 24

Prenatal 3-8 wks skeletal

Answer 24

Bone and cartilage differentiate and bone develops

Question 25

Prenatal 5th wks skeletal

Answer 25

Cells condense and differentiate in ue and le

Question 26

Prenatal 6 wk skeletal

Answer 26

Beginning of Endochondral ossification, chondrocytes form from cartilage

Question 27

Endochondral Ossification

Answer 27

1. Growth cartilage model at 6wks 2. Primary ossification center at 7-11wks 3. Secondary ossification center after birth (25 yrs 4. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate after birth

Question 28

At birth skeletal

Answer 28

Diaphysis ossified (primary), epiphysis still cartilage, primary curves of spine, secondary curves form from walking, sitting against gravity

Question 29

Infancy and childhood skeletal

Answer 29

Skeletal maturity, bone age tests (hand xray), risser sign (future growth predictions

Question 30

skeletal Infancy and childhood: Newborn

Answer 30

Head and trunk are disproportionately large, weightbearing drives bone remodeling.

Question 31

Sutures

Answer 31

Hold bones together

Question 32

Fontanelles

Answer 32

Soft areas of skull. Posterior: closes 2-3m Anterior: 12-18m

Question 33

Craniosynostis

Answer 33

Premature close of fontanelles

Question 34

Cranial orthoses

Answer 34

Baby helmets to move head bones

Question 35

Plageocephaly

Answer 35

Skull forms incorrectly

Question 36

Adolescence skeletal

Answer 36

Growth continues influenced by hormones ans nutrition, growth spurtts, bones grow first and decreases flexibility

Question 37

skeletal growth spurts

Answer 37

Girls: 12-14yrs Boys: 14-15yrs

Question 38

Older adults

Answer 38

Loss of bone mass, decrease in estrogen, risk of fractures, changes in cartilage, becomes weakened and crack and dry

Question 39

Estrogen loss per years

Answer 39

Female: 1% decrease per year before menopause, 4% during 4-5 yrs, 1% per year after menopayse Males: 0.5% per year

Question 40

Osteopenia

Answer 40

Bone loss due to decreased mineral density

Question 41

Osteomalacia

Answer 41

Softening of bone

Question 42

Osteoporosis

Answer 42

Brittle bones, resorption > rebuilding

Question 43

Prenatal Functional Implications Skeletal

Answer 43

Confined to environment Club foot, hip dysplasia, limb deficiencies

Question 44

Infancy and Childhood Functional Implications Skeletal

Answer 44

Growth plate vulnerability, epiphyseal infection and injury, growth plate fracture, apophyseal avulsion, nursemaids elbow

Question 45

Adolescence Functional Implications Skeletal

Answer 45

Stress fractures, apophyseal avulsion fractures, slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), scoliosis

Question 46

Adulthood and older adults Functional Implications Skeletal

Answer 46

Decreased strength endurance, back pain, due to disc changes, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis

Question 47

Gait cycle

Answer 47

-two phases: stance period and swing period -stance period: weight acceptance and single limb support -Swing period: limb advancement -Weight acceptance: initial contact and loading response -Single limb support: mid stance and terminal stance -Limb advancement: pre-swing, initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing