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musculoskeletal system Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

how do we move

A
  • our skeleton provides a frame
  • muscles contract and relax to allow joint to open and close, creating movement
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2
Q

what is a joint

A

where multiple bones mee5

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3
Q

fixed joint

A

bones meet and fuse together, but no movement is possible
e.g. pelvis and cranium

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4
Q

freely moveable/synovial joints

A

surrounded by synovial fluid
- controlled by ligaments from bone to bone

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5
Q

types of freely moveable/ synovial joints

A

-ball and socket joint
- hinge joint
- pivot joint
- gliding / sliding joint
- condyloid joint
- saddle joint

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6
Q

where are hinge joints found

A

elbow and knee

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7
Q

how does hinge joints move

A

one direction
allow flexion and extension of joint

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8
Q

where are ball and socket joints found

A

shoulder and hip

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9
Q

what movement do ball and socket joints allow

A
  • almost every direction
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10
Q

what does a ball and socket joint look like

A

round end of bone into small ‘cup’ of other bone

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11
Q

where are pivot joints found

A

neck

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12
Q

movement in a pivot joint

A

only rotational movement from side to side

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13
Q

where are condyloid joints found

A

fingers and toes

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14
Q

movement in condyloid joints

A

allow to flex and extend joint and move it from side to side

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15
Q

where are gliding/slipping/plane joints found

A

mainly wrist and ankle

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16
Q

movement in gliding/sliding/plane joints

A

sliding or back and forth motion and twisting

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17
Q

what do gliding/sliding/plane joints look like

A

surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved

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18
Q

what do saddle joints look like

A

between bones whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions

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19
Q

movement at a saddle joint

A

wide variety of movement

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20
Q

what is flexion

A

bending at a joint when the angle of a joint decreases e.g. doing a bicep curl

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21
Q

what is extension

A

straightening of a joint when the angle of the joint increases e.g. elbow when throwing

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22
Q

what is abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body
e.g. shoulders during a jumping jack

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23
Q

what is adduction

A

movement towards midline of the body
e.g. hip and shoulder after jumping jack

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24
Q

what is rotation

A

where limb moves in circular movement around a fixed joint or away from midline of body
e.g. hip in golf when performing drive shot

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25
components in a synovial joint
- ligament - cartilage -tendon - synovial fluid (joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint capsule)
26
ligaments
strong cords joining bone to bone
27
cartilage
found at end of bone and then prevents friction and acts as a shock absorber
28
tendon
attach muscle to bone - made of strong connective tissues - allow movement to occur
29
synovial fluid
- in joint cavity and provides lubrication or 'oil' for smooth movement made by synovial fluid
30
joint capsule in synovial joint
- full of fluid that does two jobs - shock absorber or lubricate the joint
31
synovial membrane in synovial joint
produce fluid and keeps the joint in place
32
joint capsule in synovial joint
- tough outer layer that helps hold bones in position - surrounds membrane and fluid
33
what connects the bones in a synovial joint
ligaments
34
difference between tendon and ligament
ligament connects bone to bone tendon connects muscle to bone
35
muscle action at joints
- skeletal muscles are made of fibres with two types of protein which slide past each other using ATP energy - sliding leads to fibres shortening and contracting muscle - cant slide back until another muscle shortens (antagonistic pairs)
36
antagonistic pairs for movement at a joint
- muscles pull in pairs - agonist contratcs, leading to antagonist relaxing - allows movement
37
vertical section of bone
- typical bone has a shaft of compact bone - compact bone gives structural support and protection of spongy bone - compact bone has enlarged spongy ends arranges in irregular sheets - underneath this are growth plates - bone marrow is in the centre of the bone shaft (where blood cells are made) - ends of bone are covered in cartilage to absorb shock and act as a lubricant
38
where are blood cells made
bone marrow in centre of the bone shaft
39
main type of blood cells that stem cells become
- red blood cells - white blood cells - platelets
40
what is a transverse section of bone
where the cut has been made through the centre
41
osteon definition
a unit of compact bone
42
Haversian canal definition
the central canal containing blood vessels and nerves
43
osteocytes definition
mature bone cells
44
lacunae definition
tiny spaces containing the osteocytes
45
canaliculi definition
channels that connect the lacunae
46
what can menopause cause
osteoporosis
47
what is osteoarthritis
a condition that causes the joints to become painful and stiff.
48
what causes osteoarthritis to form
when the cartilage on the end of your bones break down, causing your bones to break down
49
risk factors increasing chances of getting osteoarthritis
- joint injury - age - family history - obesity - being a woman
50
symptoms of osteoarthritis
- joint pain and stiffness and probelsm moving joint - swelling, tenderness and grating or crackling sound when moving joint - severity can differ from person to person
51
diagnosing osteoarthritis
- see a GP - GP will ask about your symptoms and assess your joints - they might then complete furthertests such as X-Rays or blood tests
52
treating osteoarthritis
- regular exercise -lose weight - wear suitable footwear - use device to reduce strain on joints - more severe symptoms, might need treatments like painkillers or even surgery - physiotherapy - extra care? age
53
physical effects of osteoarthritis
- degrade cartilage - change bone shape - cause inflammation - results in pain, stiffness and loss of mobility
54
emotional effects of osteoarthritis
- fatigue due to constant pain - reduce quality of life due to limited movement
55
intellectual effects of osteoarthritis
- depression - anxiety - related to lowered quality of life
56
social effects of osteoarthritis
- increase social isolation - reduced self efficiency
57
preventing osteoarthritis
- not possible to completely prevent it - exercise - posture - losing weight
58
what is rheumatoid arthritis
- long term condition which causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints - it is an autoimmune disease which means that your immune system attacks your body cells
59
causes of rheumatoid arthritis
- autoimmune disease - - it's not clear what triggers this but you are at risk of - you are a woman - family history - you smoke
60
symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
- join pain, swelling, stiffness - tiredness - high temperature - sweating - loss of appetite - weight loss - dry eyes (if eyes are affected) - chest pain (if heart or lungs is affected)
61
why is rheumatoid arthritis difficult to diagnose
many conditions cause joint stiffness and inflammation
62
what tests will a GP do to diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis
- blood tests - rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibodies - joint scans - assessing your physical ability
63
treatment for rheumatoid arthritis
- medicine to relieve pain - surgery - physiotherapy
64
monitoring rheumatoid arthritis
- includes regular visits to the doctor to have blood and urine tests and XRays or other imaging tests
65
physical effects of rheumatoid arthritis
- causes joints to become still, swollen and painful - lead to damage of the joints, cartilage and nearby bone
66
intellectual effects of rheumatoid arthritis
- some have struggled with memory, attention and mental focus
67
emotional effects of rheumatoid arthritis
- many can become depressed - due to constant pain and struggled with movement - limit their ability to attend settings
68
social effects of rheumatoid arthritis
- can put strains on social relationships due to pain and loss of independence - making people feel frustrated, angry and depressed
69
what are the musculoskeletal malfunctions
- osteoarthritis - rheumatoid arthritis - osteoporosis
70
monitoring osteoarthritis
- lifestyle changes - clinical observations - blood test - bone density - scans or x-rays
71
what is osteoporosis
a condition that weakens the bones, making them more fragile and more likely to break
72
symptoms of osteoporosis
- is a silent disease so doesnt have any typical symptoms - stooped posture - back pains
73
causes of osteoporosis
- family history - BMI of 19 or less - overactive thyroid gland - heavy dirnking or smoking - long term use of steroid tablets
74
treatments of osteoporosis
- regular exercise - lifestyle changes - phsyiotherapy - patient might require extra care or support to get to doctor appointments (age)
75
preventing osteoporosis
- regular exercise - healthy eating and vitamin D supplements - stop smoking and drink less alcohol - get some sun
76
physical effects of osteoporosis
- lead to sudden decrease in bone strength, increasing fractures - sudden, severe pain getting worse with movement
77
intellectual effects of osteoporosis
- increased risk of getting dementia - depressed - anxiety
78
emotional effects of osteoporosis
- worried or scared due to fear of falling and breaking bones
79
social effects of osteoporosis
- lonely - worried - depressed - anxiety - reduces self worth - worrying about causing fractures, so avoid going to social situations outside their home
80

Health and social care (9 decks)

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