Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

What is body movement?

Answer 1

The bones act as levers - they push not pull! When a muscle contracts it pulls on the bone attached.

Question 2

What is Framework?

Answer 2

The skeleton provides a solid framework for the body and helps battle the forces of gravity. The skeletal layer is strong and provides protection to many vital organs. The rib cage and it’s naturally enclosing shell effectively protects the heart and lungs from most traumatic injuries.

Question 3

What is Protection of vital organs?

Answer 3

The skeletal layer is strong and provides protection to many vital organs. The rib cage and it’s naturally enclosing shell effectively protects the heart and lungs from most traumatic injuries.

Question 4

What is Mineral Storage and what are some of the minerals that contribute to bone health?

Answer 4

Bone tissue efficiently stores a number of minerals that are important for health. Calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium all contribute to the health and maintenance of bone tissue as well as carrying out other roles in the body. Calcium also assists with muscular activity.

Question 5

What is production of red blood cells?

Answer 5

Essential production of new red blood cells occurs within the cavity of long bones. Production levels are high during growth years, diminishing as age increases and the need for high rates of red blood cells decreases. Such cells are essential for oxygen transportation throughout the body.

Question 6

What are short bones and an example?

Answer 6

Short bones are roughly cubical, with the same width and length. An example: the carpals in the wrist or tarsals in the foot.

Question 7

What are Long bones and an example?

Answer 7

Long bones are longer than they are wide, and they have a hollow shaft containing marrow. An example: Femur, humerus, and phalanges.

Question 8

What are Sesamoid bones and an example?

Answer 8

Sesamoid bones are small bones developed in tendons around some joints. An example: Patella at the knee joint.

Question 9

What are Flat bones and an example?

Answer 9

Flat bones provide flat areas for muscle attachments and usually enclose cavities for protecting organs. Example: Scapular, Ribs, sternum, skull

Question 10

What are Irregular bones and an example?

Answer 10

Irregular bones have no regular shape characteristics. Example: Vertebrae, and bones of the face.

Question 11

What is the vertebral columns features?

Answer 11

The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae and some are more moveable than others. Vertebrae increase in size as they descend to support the body’s weight. Each vertebra has a hollow centre this is for the spinal cord that travels through it.

Question 12

Sections of the Vertebral column?

Answer 12

Cervical (7): Supports the head.
Thoracic (12): Connects the ribcage to the vertebral column
Lumbar (5): Supports the weight of the body and provides attachment for large muscles.
Sacrum (5 fused): Fused part of the pelvis
Coccyx (4 fused): Tailbone, and site for muscle attachment.

Question 13

What are the 3 classification of joints and their definitions?

Answer 13

Fibrous: Joints offer no movement. Eg: The skull, pelvis, sacrum and sternum
Cartilaginous: Slightly moveable - joints are joined by cartilage and allow small movements. Eg: Vertebrae and where the ribs join the sternum
Synovial: Freely moveable, joints offer a full range of movement and move freely in at least one direction. Eg: knee or shoulder

Question 14

What is cartilage?

Answer 14

Cartilage is a tough, fibrous connective tissue located at the end of bones and between joints. It protects by absorbing the impact experienced in movements such as jumping.

Question 15

What is a Ligament?

Answer 15

Ligaments connect bone to bone. They are a strong fibrous band of connective tissue that holds together two or more moveable bones or cartilage. Provides stability at the joint and prevents dislocation.

Question 16

What is a tendon?

Answer 16

Tendons are fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Tendons are inelastic and very strong, allowing movement by helping muscles pull through the joint and on the bones.

Question 17

What are the six types of Synovial joints?

Answer 17

Ball and socket
Pivot
Saddle
Condyloid
Gliding
Hinge

Question 18

Movements at a Ball and Socket joint?

Answer 18

Flexion/extension, rotation, abduction/adduction.

Question 19

Movements at a Pivot joint?

Answer 19

Rotation

Question 20

Movements at a Saddle joint?

Answer 20

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction,

Question 21

Movements at a Condyloid joint?

Answer 21

Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction,

Question 22

Movements at a Gliding joint?

Answer 22

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

Question 23

Movements at a Hinge joint?

Answer 23

Flexion/extension.

Question 24

What is body movement?

Answer 24

All the muscles that can consciously control (voluntary control) are attached to bones. The central nervous system sends a message to the relevant muscle, and the muscle pulls the bones to allow the desired movement.W

Question 25

What is adequate posture?

Answer 25

Muscles are continually in a state of tone that affects their ability to help our body maintain posture. The muscles of the back, trapeziums, rhombus, lattimus dorsi, strongly influence posture maintenance.

Question 26

What is essential bodily functions?

Answer 26

Involuntary muscles are those over which we have little to or no control. They function continuously and preserve our ongoing body needs whether we are awake or not.

Question 27

What are the 3 types of muscles and what are their characteristics?

Answer 27

Smooth: Found in hollow organs (bladder), involuntary control, fatigue more slowly. Cardiac: Found only in the heart, involuntary muscle, hard to fatigue. Skeletal: Attached to skeleton and causes movement, voluntary control, fatigue easily.

Question 28

What are the 7 common features of muscles?

Answer 28

Nervous control Contractility Extensibility Elasticity Atrophy Hypertrophy

Question 29

What is a fusiform muscle?

Answer 29

Fibres run the length of the belly and are designed for mobility not force. (Biceps, sartorius)

Question 30

What is a Pennate muscle?

Answer 30

Fibres run at angles to tendons and are less mobile than fusiform. Designed for strength and power. THERE ARE 3 CATEGORIES

Question 31

What is a unipennate muscle?

Answer 31

Fibres are only found on one side of the central tendon. (Hamstrings)

Question 32

What is a bipennate muscle?

Answer 32

Fibres run off either side of a central tendon. (Rectorus femoris in quadriceps)

Question 33

What is a multipennate muscle?

Answer 33

Fibres branch out from several tendons, and enables the body to generate the greatest force. (Deltoid)

Question 34

What is a convergent muscle?

Answer 34

Fibres radiate from the main tendon, and compromise between fusiform and pennate. Capable of strength and power whilst maintaining mobility. (Pectoralis Major)

Question 35

What is Epimysium?

Answer 35

Epimysium thickens as it reaches the ends of the muscle to form tendons that usually attach to bones

Question 36

What is Fascicle?

Answer 36

Thousands of muscle fibres that run the length of the muscle belly and are arranged in bundles called fascicle.

Question 37

What is Edomysium?

Answer 37

Each individual muscle fibre is surrounded by connective tissue called the endomysium which binds the fibres together to form bundles

Question 38

What is Perimysium?

Answer 38

The fasciculi are surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called perimysium.

Question 39

What happens during the sliding filament theory?

Answer 39

Z lines move closer I band narrows A band remains unchanged the H zone may disappear

Question 40

What are Type 1 muscle fibres?

Answer 40

Slow twitch oxidative muslces, red in colour, contain large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria and blood capillaries. Resistant to fatigue and are suited to longer duration activities (marathon runners)

Question 41

What are type 2A muscle fibres?

Answer 41

Fast twitch oxidative muscles, fast contraction, contains large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria and blood capillaries. Pinkish in colour. Partially aerobic and are suited to events that require both aerobic and anaerobic. (400m runner)

Question 42

What are type 2B muscle fibres?

Answer 42

Fast twitch glycolytic, contain, low myoglobin, relatively few mitochondria and blood capillaries. White in colour. Fatigue easily, fast contraction and suited to high intensity activities for short duration and anaerobic work.

Question 43

What is a concentric contraction?

Answer 43

Concentric contraction is when the muscle length shortens as the force is being produced. Eg: bicep curl where the muscle shortens to lift the dumbell from the straight arm position.

Question 44

What is a Eccentric contraction?

Answer 44

Eccentric contraction is when the muscle lengthens as the force is being produced. This will slow the limb or trunk movement to allow for controlled movements of the joint. (Lowering of dumbbell curl)

Question 45

What is an Isometric contraction?

Answer 45

Isometric contractions is when a force is developed but there is no change in muscle length. (Wall sit)

Question 46

What is an Agonist muscle?

Answer 46

The muscle that causes the major action and lengthens (prime mover).

Question 47

What is an Antagonist muscle?

Answer 47

The muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow movement to occur (causes the opposite action to agonist)

Question 48

What is a Synergist muscle?

Answer 48

The muscle that assists the agonist to produce the required movement.

Question 49

What is a Stabiliser muscle?

Answer 49

The group of muscles that ensure that the joint remains stable during movement.

Question 50

What is Reciprocal inhibition?

Answer 50

The process of one muscle contracting (agonist) while the other muscle relaxes (antagonist) to create movement.

Question 51

What are the levers three components?

Answer 51

Axis: the joint in the body that the lever moves around Force: the muscles that contract to generate the force to move the lever Resistance: the bone of the body and whatever is being held or moved by the bone. Acronym: ARF

Question 52

What are the classes of levers?

Answer 52

1st class: axis in middle 2nd class: resistance in middle 3rd class: force in middle (most human body)

Question 53

How does a third-class lever create movement?

Answer 53

Bones act as levers, with muscles, create movement. When muscles contract, it pulls on the bone at the insertion point, moving it across a joint. The force from the muscle moves the bone (or other resistance) around the joint, allowing controlled movement.