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Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 types of muscle?

A

-Skeletal
-Smooth
-Cardiac

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2
Q

Outline the roles of ‘Sketetal Muscles’

A

-Move bones
-Enable walking (voluntary physical activities)
-Under conscious control
-Attached to the bones of the skeleton
-Give the body its form and contours (maintains posture)

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3
Q

Outline the roles of ‘Smooth Muscle’

A

-Involuntary muscles (not under conscious control)
-Control movement within internal organs (stomach, intestines etc.)

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4
Q

Outline the roles of ‘Cardiac Muscle’

A

-Heart muscle

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5
Q

Describe the structure of ‘Skeletal Muscle’

A

-Muscle cells are held together in bundles
-A sheath of connective tissue (perimysium) surrounds each bundle so that it can function as an individual unit
-The connective tissue allows adjacent bundles to slide easily over one another as they contract
-Sheaths of connective tissue (epimysium) also hold the bundles together, towards the end of the muscle they taper and bend to form the tendon

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6
Q

Describe the structure of ‘Skeletal Muscle Fibres’

A

-Composed of muscle cells that lie pallel to eachother
-Each muscle cell (called a muscle fibre), is an elongated cylinder with many nuclei
-Around the muscle cell is a thin, transparent plasma membrane (the sarcolemma), containing cytoplasm (called the sacroplasm)
-Muscle cells are between 10-100 micrometres in diameter and vary in length from a few millimetres to several centimetres

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7
Q

Describe the structure of ‘Myofibrils’

A

-Found within the sacroplasm of each muscle fibre
-They lie parallel to each other and run the length of the muscle fibre
-Hundreds to several thousands in each muscle fibre
-Surrounded by a network called the ‘sarcoplasmic reticulum’
-Each myofibril is composed of many smaller myofilaments, made of protein (individual units involved in the contraction of muscles)

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8
Q

What is stored in the ‘Sarcoplasmic Reticulum’?

A

Calcium ions

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9
Q

When are calcium ions released from the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum?

A

During muscle contractions

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of ‘Myofilaments’?

A

-Thick myofilaments
-Thin myoflilaments

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11
Q

What are thick myofilaments mostly composed of?

A

The protein myosin

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12
Q

What are thin myofilaments mostly composed of?

A

The protein actin

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13
Q

What is the arrangement of the myofilaments providing for the muscle?

A

Gives a banded effect to the muscle (striations - allow myofibrils to be divided into units called sarcomeres)

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14
Q

What does the sliding filament theory suggest?

A

When muscles contract, sarcomeres shorten. This occurs because the actin and myosin filaments slide over one another.

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15
Q

How are muscles attached to the boes of the skeleton?

A

By fiborous, inelastic connective tissue called tendons

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16
Q

Why do muscles work in pairs?

A

To fulfill opposite roles. Coordination of the paired muscles provide body movement, with one of the pair producing movement of bones in one direction and the other producing movement in the opposite direction (agonists)

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17
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Is the maintaining partial contraction of skeletal muscles - at any one time, some muscle fibres are contracted while others are relaxed

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18
Q

How does muscle tone enable contaction of a particular position over periods of time?

A

Partial contaction tightens a muscle, but not enough fibres are contracting at one time to produce moevement
-Many different fibres take turns contracting
-Fibres relieve one another so smoothly that the contraction can be held for extented periods of time

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19
Q

Muscle tone holds many of our body parts in position, provide an example

A

The head - kneck muscles

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20
Q

What structures make up the skeletal system (not bones)?

A

-Tendons
-Ligaments
-Joints

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21
Q

State some functions of the skeleton

A

-Provides a scaffold to support the weight of the rest of the body
-Facilitates movement by being points of attachment for muscles
-Portects vital internal organs
-Produces red blood cells
-Stores and releases minerals and fats

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22
Q

How many bones made up the human body?

A

206 individual bones

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23
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Consists of bones that lie around the central axis of the body

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24
Q

What does the axial skeleton support?

A

Erect posture and the protection of the central nervous system and the organs contained within the thorax

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25
What bones make up the axial skeleton?
-Skull -Vertebral column -Ribs -Sternum (breastbone)
26
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs, the pectorla girdle (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdle
27
What do the two girlds in the appendicular skeleton allow?
All the articulation of the limbs with the axial skeleton
28
What does a long bone consist of?
-Diaphysis -Epiphyses -Periosteum
29
Explain the 'Diaphysis'
-The shaft making up the main portion of the long bone -Hollow cylinder of compact bone surrounding a medullary cavity
30
Explain the 'Epiphyses'
-The enlarged ends of the bones -Covered with a thin layer of articular cartilage -Have compact bone on the outside, but central regions contain spongy or cancellous bone
31
Explain the 'Periosteum'
-The dense, white, fibroud outer covering of the long bone -No periosteum at the joints, where the bones is covered with an articular cartilage
32
What is bone classified as?
Connective tissue
33
What do connective tissues consist of?
Cells seperated from eachother by large amounts of non-cellular material (called matrux)
34
What is deposited in the matrix of bone?
Inorganic salts of; -Calcium -Phosphate
35
Why are inorganic salts deposited in the matrix of bone?
Increase ridigity and strength, and make it the hardest of the connective tissues
36
What does compact bone consist of and how does it help?
Many similar units caled Haversian Systems that run parallel to the long axis of the bone, giving maximum strength
37
What does each Haversian System consist of?
-A central canal (or Haversian canal) at its centre -Concentric layers of bony matrix called lamellae surrounding the central canal -lacunae, which are small spaces in the matrix between the lamellae -A bone cell, or osteocyte, occupying each lacuna -Tiny canals, known as canaliculi, running between the lacnae -Projections from the bone cells entering the canaliculi and making contact with adjacent bone cells, allowing materials to be passed from cell to cell -At least one blood capillary, and possibly nerves and lymph capillaries, in the central canal of each osteon
38
What is the structure of spongy bone?
-Consists of an irregular arrangement of thin, bony plates called trabeculae -The bone cells occupy spaces in the trabeculae -Nerves and blood vessels pass through irregular spaces in the matrix
39
What type of tissue is cartilage?
Connective tissue
40
What is cartilage made of?
Contains numerous fibres made of a protein called collagen
41
The protein fibres in cartilage are embedded in a firm matrix of a protein-carbohydrate complex called?
Chondrin
42
What does the firm matrix and fibres in cartilage enable?
Enables cartilage to function as a structural support, while the presence of fibres gives cartilage a certain amount of flexibility
43
Where can you find cartilage?
Surface of bones at the joints, in the trachae and bronchi, and forms the nose, larynx and outer ear
44
What are the cartilage cells called that are found in the spaces of matrix (before maturity)?
Chondroblasts
45
What do Chondroblasts produce?
Produce matrix and slowly become surrounded by it until they are trapped in small spaces called lacynae
46
What do Chlondroblasts become once they are matured?
Chondrocytes
47
There are three types of cartilage as they range from...
Extremely fine to quite coarse
48
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
-Hayline -Elastic -Fibrocartilage
49
What is Hyaline Cartilage? Provide an example
Contains many fine, closely packed collagenous fibres throughout the matrix, giving the cartilage strength and flexibility -Makes up the rings of trachea and bronchi
50
What is Elastic Cartilage?
-Conspicuous elastic fibres -Also contains collagenous fibres similar to those in hyaline cartilage, but they are not so closely packed -Provides flexible elastic support in places such as the external ear
51
What is fibrocartilage?
-Coarse appearance from the parallel bundles of thick collagenous fibres that make up this tissue -Fibres are not compacted as much as hyaline cartilage, therefore can be compressed slightly -Ideal for regions where the weight of the body is being supported or where there is a need to withstand heavy pressure (e.g. intervertabral discs of the spinal column, where it porvides a cushion between the vertebrae)
52
State the 3 types of joints
-Fibrous (or fixed) joints -Catilaginous (or slightly movable) joints -Synovial (or freely movable) joints
53
What are Fibrous (or fixed) joints?
-When no movement occurs between the bones concerned -Bones are held in place by fibrous connective tissue (e.g. sutures of the skull)
54
What are Catilaginous (or slightly movable) joints?
-Held in place by cartilage, allowing slight movement -e.g. junction of the two pelvic bones (pubic symphysis), joints between adjacent vertebrae, joints between the ribs and the sternum
55
What are Synovial (or freely movable) joints?
-Freely movable joints -Amount of moevement limited by ligaments, muscles, tendons, and adjoining bones -Categorised by the type of movement that occurs between the articulating surfaces of the bone
56
What are ball-and-socket joints? Are they Synovial (or freely movable) joints?
-Yes they are Synovial (or freely movable) joints -They form when the spherical head of one bone sits into a cup-like cavity of another
57
What are hinge joints? Are they Synovial (or freely movable) joints?
-Yes they are Synovial (or freely movable) joints -They allow movement in one plane only (like a hinged door) -Form when the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another
58
What are pivot joints? Are they Synovial (or freely movable) joints?
-Yes they are Synovial (or freely movable) joints -Formed when the rounded, pointed or conical end of one bone articulates with a ring, formed partly by bone and partly by ligament
59
What are gilding joints? Are they Synovial (or freely movable) joints?
-Yes they are Synovial (or freely movable) joints -Allow movement in any direction in a side-to-side or back-and-forth motion -Restriced only by the ligaments or bony processes surrounding the joint
60
What are saddle joints? Are they Synovial (or freely movable) joints?
-Yes they are Synovial (or freely movable) joints -Where two bones forming the join are both saddle-shaped (concave in one direction and convex in the other)
61
What are condyloid (or ellipsoid) joints? Are they Synovial (or freely movable) joints?
-Yes they are Synovial (or freely movable) joints -Have one surface of bone slightly convex that fits into a flightly concave depression in another bone
62
What is the structure of a Synovial (or freely movable) joint?
-There is space, or synovial cavity, between the articulating surfaces of the bones -Synovial membrane surrounds the synovial cavity -Articular cartilage on the bones surfaces e.g. the knew joint, including the patella
63
What are the factors that keep the articular surfaces of Synovial (or freely movable) joints together? Provide examples.
-The fit of the articulating bones - e.g. the way the head of the humerus fits into the socket of the scapula to form the shoulder joint -The strength of the join ligaments holding the bones together - e.g. the hip joint -The tension provided by the muscles around the join; in the knew joint the fibrous capsule if formed principally from tendons attached to the muscles acting on the joint
64
Name the 3 types of movement at a joint
-Flexion and extension -Abduction and adduction -Rotation
65
Explain what flexion and extension of a joint is
-Flexion or bending, decreases the angle between the articulating bones, meaning the bones come closer together (e.g. when the eblow is flexed, the lower arm moves closer to the upper arm) -Extension, or straightening, increases the angle between the articulating bones, moving the bones further apart (e.g. when the knee is extended, the lower leg moves further away from the upper leg)
66
Explain what abduction and adduction of a joint is
-The movement away from the midline of the body (e.g. lifting the arms upwards away from the body is abduction) -The movement towards the mideline of the body is adduction (e.g. when returning arms to the sides after abduction)
67
Explain what rotation of a jount is
-The movement of a bone around its long axis (e.g. turning the head from left to right occurs due to rotation at the joint between the first two vertebrae)
68
What is Osteoporosis?
-The loss of bone mass that becomes sufficient to impair normal functioning -Increases risk of fractures (minor bumps or falls can result in serious fractures)
69
What bones are most likely to be affected by osteoporosis?
-Vertebrae -Ribs -Pelvis -Wrist -Upper arm (any bone can be affected)
70
How do you prevent osteoporsis?
-Adequate calcium intake -Adequate amount of vitamin D -Exercise
71
What are the treatment options for osteoporosis?
-Lifestyle changes to increase calcium intake, vitamin D production and exercise (medication can sometimes be used to prevent or treat the condition)
72
What is Osteorathritis?
-A gradual change in the joints that occurs over time and is frequently associated with ageing (can also be caused by irritation of the joints, wear and abrasian) -The joint cartilage deteriorates, so the bone surfaces are no longer protected -The exposed bone begins to wear away and bony spurs of growths may develp from exposed ends of the bone forming the joint (decreasing the space within the joint cavity, restricting movement of the joint)
73
When do symptoms of osteoarthritis occur?
-Often appear in middle age (most people have some symptoms by age of 70)
74
Is there any cure for osteoarthritis?
No
75
What are the treatement ooptions for osteoarthritis?
-Medication to relieve pain -Physiotherapy to strngthen muscles around the affected joins -Surgery to realign bones or joint replacement surgery
76
What is the role of ATP in muscle contaction?
-ATP provides energy for the cross0bridge cycling between actin and myosin filaments and for the reuptake of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum during muscle relaxation
77
What is an antagonist muscle?
A muscle that opposes the action of the agonistl it relaxes while the agonist contracts (e.g. biceps and triceps)
78
What is a synergist muscle?
A muscle that assists the agonist by stabilising a joint or adding extra force
79
What is a ligament?
A tough, fiborous connective tissue that connects bone to a joint and helps stabilise the joint
80
Why is cartilage slow to heal?
Cartilage lacks blood vessels, so nurtients must diffuse through the matrix, making healing and growth slow
81
What is the function of synovial fluid?
It lubricates the joint, reduces friction, supplies nutrients, and removes waste from the artcular cartilage
82
Compare the structure and function of hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
-Hyaline - fine collagen, flexible and strong (e.g. trachea) -Elastic - lossely packed collagen + elastic fibres, very flexible (e.g. ear) -Fibrocartilage - thick collagen bundles, compressible and durable (e.g. intervertebral discs)
83
What are trabeculae?
Thin bony plates that make up spongy bone, arranged to resist stress from different directions
84
What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
-Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells -Osteoclasts - bone-breaking cells involved in bone remodelling
85
What is ossification?
The process of bone formation, where cartilage is gradually replaced by bone
86
What is an isometric muscle contraction?
A contraction where the muscle length does not change and no movement occurs (e.g. holding a plank).
87
What is an isotonic muscle contraction?
A contraction where the muscle changes length to produce movement (includes concentric and eccentric types).
88
How is a muscle contraction initiated?
A nerve impulse stimulates the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, triggering interaction between actin and myosin for contraction.
89
How do bones grow and repair?
Bones grow in length at the epiphyseal plates and increase in width by appositional growth. Osteoblasts form new bone, while osteoclasts break down old bone for repair and reshaping.

Human Biology (8 decks)

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