Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

Terms:
Unilateral
bilateral
ipsilateral
contralateral

Answer 1

ipsi=same side

contra=opposite side

Question 2

Terms of movement:

• extension/flexion
• hyperextension
• dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
• abduction/adduction
• lateral/medial rotation
• pronation/supination
• circumduction

Answer 2

beginning point 180, end point less than 180

circumduction= combination of flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

Question 3

Hands/feet

• dorsum/palm(ar)
• dorsum/sole (plantar)
• opposite/reposition
• inversion/eversion

Answer 3

dorsal (dog) back

Question 4

Bones:

1. axial skeleton
2. appendicular skeleton
3. Cartilage

Answer 4

1. head, neck, thoracic, spinal, sacral
2. everything else: upper/lower extremities, pelvis bone, scapula
3. costal cartilage, articular cartilage

Question 5

Functions of bones 5

Answer 5

1. protection organs
2. support body weight
3. levers movement
4. reservoir calcium & phosphorous
5. blood cell formation marrow

Question 6

1. 2 types of bones
2. what is medullary?
3. 2 types of marrow and its contents

Answer 6

1. spongy bone (trabecular, cancellous)
    compact bone (cortical, dense)
2. marrow cavity
3. red-hematopoesis
    yellow-inert & fatty

Question 7

7 classifications of bones and examples

Answer 7

1. long bones-humerus, phalanges, clavivle
2. short bone- tarsals, carpals
3. flat bone-some cranial vault bones, ribs, sternum
4. irregular bone-vertebrae, sphenoid
5. sesamoid bone-patella (develop within tendons)
6. pneumatic bones-mastoid part of temporal bone, paranasal sinus
7. accessory (supernumerary) bones- in foot

Question 8

1. 10 elevations
2. 3 depressions
3. 2 articualtions
4. 1 hole

Answer 8

1. • crest-ridge of bone
   • linea-linear elevation
   • protuberance-projection of bone
   • epicondyle-eminence superior to a condyle
   • malleolus-rounded prominence
   • spine-thorn like process
   • process-projecting spine-like part
   • trochanter-large blunt elevation
   • tubercle- small raised eminence
   • tuberosity-large rounded elevation
2. • fossa-hollow or depressed area
   • groove
   • notch- indentation at edge of bone
3. • condyle-rounded articular area
   • facet- smooth flat area usually covered with cartilage, where bone articulate with another bone
4. foramen-passage through a bone

Question 9

6 names for development of bones

Answer 9

1. ossification-bone formation
2. osteoblast-bone forming cells
3. osteocytes-bone cells
4. osteoclasts-bone resorption cells
5. chondrocytes-cartilage cells
6. chondroblasts-cartilage forming cells

Question 10

1. bones develop from the condensations of what?

2. What are the two ossification by condensations?

Answer 10

1. condensations of mesenchyme, an embryonic connective tissue
2. Intramembranous ossification (direct)
   - mesenchyme–>bone (rapid process)
   ie. flat bones of skull

Endochondral ossification (indirect)

• mesenchyme–>cartilage–>bone (slow)
  ie. most bones

Question 11

Describe the process of endochondral ossification. 9 steps

Answer 11

1. cartilage anlage
2. periosteum layer forms
3. primary center of ossification appear btw 7-12th weeks of prenatal life
4. cartilage calcifies
5. blood vessel invades
6. blood vessel invades secondary center
   of ossification
7. sec center appears after birth
8. another sec ctr of ossification forms
9. bone consist of epiphysis on both ends, metaphysis and diaphysis in middle

Question 12

1. Diaphysis grow between what and how?
2. What happens before/after growth ceases?
3. Fusions occurs at specific age for different bones. What is the dif btw xx vs. xy?
4. name the 5 parts of a long bone

Answer 12

1. btw growth plate & metaphysis by proliferation of cartilage
2. before-bone replaces cartilage at growth plate
   after-diaphysis fuses with epiphysis= synostosis
3. 1-2 yrs earlier in females than males
4. epiphysis–>epiphyseal plate (growth plate)–>metaphysis–>diaphysis–>metaphysis–>epiphysis

Question 13

Timeline of endochondral ossification:

1. 3rd month of embryonic development
2. 4th month embryonic dev
3. birth-5 yrs
4. 5 yrs-12 yrs in xx; 5-14 yrs in males
5. 17-20 yrs
6. 18-23 yrs
7. 23-25 yrs
8. by 25 yrs

Answer 13

1. begins ossification of long bones
2. most primary ctr appeared in diaphyses of bones
3. sec ctr appear in epiphyses
4. ossification spread rapidly from ctr and various bones are becoming ossified
5. bone of upper limbs & scapulae becoming completely ossified
6. bone of lower limbs & os coxae become completely ossified
7. bone of sternum, clavicles, vertebrae become completely ossified
8. nearly all bones completely ossified

Question 14

1. Why not have cells at ends t produce growth?

2. difference btw the development of long/short bones?

Answer 14

1. moving joint damage growing tissue, bone must be capable of supporting loads
2. same as long bones but no secondary centers (except the calcaneus in foot)

Question 15

What happens if there's a loss of blood supply to epiphysis of other parts of the bone?
2. vasculature & innervation of bone
Articular cartilage
epiphysial line
epiphysial artery
metaphyseal artery
lymphatics
periosteum
vein
periosteal nerve
periosteal artery
compact bone with haversian system
nutrient artery & vein

Answer 15

1. avascular necrosis of bone tissue

Question 16

Fibrous Joints

1. Fibrous joints are united by what and the movement depends on what?
2. what is diploe?
3. Where is sutures seen?
4. what is fontanelles?
5. what is syndesmosis?

Answer 16

1. fibrous joints are united by fibrous tissue and movement depends upon length of fibers uniting the bones.
2. diploe is the central layer of spongy bone btw the 2 layers of compact bone
3. sutures occurs only in skull linked by sutural ligament
4. fontanelles are the wide areas of fibrous tissue in sutures, common in neonates where bone skull do not contact each other.
5. syndesmosis is when two bones are linked by a sheet of fibrous tissue

Question 17

Cartilaginous Joints

1. united by?
2. what is the name of the primary/secondary cartilaginous joints?
3. What is each united by?
4. what is each function?

Answer 17

1. cartilage
2. primary=synchondrosis
   - united by hyaline cartilage
   - permits growth; after full growth, synchondrosis —>synostosis
3. secondary=symphysis
   - united by fibrocartilage
   - strong, slightly movable

Question 18

Synovial Joint

1. what are the 4 things synovial joint contains
2. It’s functions

Answer 18

1. contains:
   - a joint cavity contain synovial fluid
   - articular cartilage
   - articular joint capsule
   
   • synovial membrane
   • a fibrous capsule
2. most common, most important functionally, provide free movement

Question 19

six types of synovial joints and its motion

Answer 19

1. hinge-flexion/extension only
   ie. elbow, interphalangeal joints
2. pivot-rotation around a long axis
   ie. atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar joints
3. plane-gliding limited by joint capsules
   ie. zygapophyseal, acromioclavicular joints
4. condyloid (ellipsoid)- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
   ie. metacarpophalangeal joints
5. ball & socket-freest; universal movement
   ie. hip, shoulder joints
6. saddle- several direction except rotation
   ie. carpometacarpal joint of thumb

Question 20

Muscular system

1. consist of?
2. movement by?
3. provides (2)
4. 3 types of muscles?

Answer 20

1. contractile cells (muscle fibers)
2. by contraction
3. form to body and heat
4. • skeletal (striated) m
   • cardiac (striated) m
   • smooth (non-striated)

Question 21

Skeletal M.

1. % of body weight?
2. function
3. 2 attachments
4. controlled by what NS?
5. type of contraction

Answer 21

1. 43%
2. moves bones & other structures (skin of face, eyes, tongue)
3. origin-least movable (proximal)
   insertion-more moveable (distal)
4. voluntarily-somatic NS
5. strong, quick intermittent (phasic) contraction

Question 22

Skeletal M

1. description of skeletal fibers
2. fibers bound by?

Answer 22

1. skeletal m. are large, long, un-branched, cylindrical fibers with transverse striations arranged in parallel
2. fibers bound by connective tissue through which run blood vessels and nerves

Question 23

1. Motor unit-functional unit consist of?

2. what is tone?

Answer 23

1. consists of motor neuron & all muscle fibers innervated by it. Muscle fibers in a motor unit varies from one to several 100’s
2. maintenance of posture, muscle is in a state of reflex contraction or tone

Question 24

skeletal M.

1. produce movement by?
2. muscle length is from?
3. how is it named?

Answer 24

1. produce movement by shortening
2. length is distance between bony attachments
3. named for their function, the bone to which it is attached, their position, or length

Question 25

1.Types of contraction 3

Answer 25

1. isometric contraction-muscle remains same length; muscular force precisely matches the load, and no movement result 2. concentric contraction-force generated is sufficient to overcome the resistance, and the muscle shortens as it contracts. 3. eccentric-force generated is insufficient to overcome the external load on the muscle and he muscle fiber length as they contract

Question 26

4 skeletal m. actions

Answer 26

1. prime movers (agonist)-main muscles activated during a specific movement 2. antagonist-oppose the action of the prime movers 3. synergist-complement the action of the prime movers 4. fixators-steady the proximal part of a limb while the distal parts are moving The same muscle can act differently under different conditions.

Question 27

Testing skeletal muscle

Answer 27

1. patient maintains position, examiner attempts to move 2. patient moves, examiner resists movement EMG-electromyography

Question 28

Symptoms of peripheral nerve injuries 1. motor nerve damage 2. sensory nerve

Answer 28

1. motor nerve - weakness - muscle atrophy - twitching - paralysis 2. sensory nerve - pain - sensitivity - numbness - tingling/prickling - burning - problems with positional awareness

Question 29

5 classification of skeletal muscles (according to shape)

Answer 29

1. pennate-featherlike arrangement of fibers - unipennate - bipennate - multipennate 2. quadrate-having 4 sides like square 3. fusiform-spindle shaped, round thick belly, tapered ends 4. flat- parallel fibers often having an aponeurosis 5. circular or sphincteral-fibers surrounding a body opening or orifice

Question 30

4 Structures associated with skeletal muscle

Answer 30

1. aponeurosis-flat fibrous sheet or expanded broad tendons 2. synovial tendon sheaths-tubular sacs wrapped around tendons 3. tendons- fibrous bands of dense tissue that attach muscles to bones (or another muscle) 4. bursae- flattened sacs of synovial membrane that facilitate movement by minimizing friction