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HLTH1004 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of bones

A

Support - provide internal framework to support and anchor soft organs
Protection - enclose soft organs eg. thoracic cage, skull, vertebrae
Movement - act as levers moved by muscles attached to bones by tendons
Blood cell formation - red marrow produces RBC, WBC and platelets
Storage - storage of minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

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2
Q

How many bones in the adult body?

A

206

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3
Q

How many bones in the axial skeleton?

A

80

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4
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull, vertebrae, thorax

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5
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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6
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

A

The shoulder and pelvic girdles, arms, hand, legs and feet

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7
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A 
26 total 
7 cervical
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar
The sacrum and the coccyx
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8
Q

How many curves are in the spine and what are they called?

A

4 spinal curves; cervical, thoracic, lumbar and pelvic

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9
Q

Why do the cervical and lumbar curves develop after birth?

A

These curves develop when an infant learns to stand and walk. The cervical curve has the purpose of holding and balancing the weight of the head and the lumbar curve helps to maintain centre of gravity and keep weight over the legs as one walks

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10
Q

What is the scientific term for blood cell formation in red marrow?

A

Haemopoiesis

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11
Q

Examples of long bones

A

Humerus, tibia, phalanges

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12
Q

Examples of short bones

A

Carpals and tarsals

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13
Q

Examples of flat bones

A

Parietal, sternum, ribs

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14
Q

Examples of irregular bones

A

Vertebrae and pelvis (hips bones)

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15
Q

Examples of sesamoid bones

A

Patella and fabella back of knee not present in everybody)

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16
Q

Example of a sutures bone

A

Wormian

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17
Q

What is a projection/process?

A

Bump or roughening which are raised above the bone surface

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18
Q

What is a depression/cavity?

A

Indentations in the bone

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19
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Large rounded projection, may be roughened (eg deltoid tuberosity of humerus)
Site for muscle attachment

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20
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

Very large blunt irregular shaped process (only on femur)

Site for muscle attachment

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21
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

Small rounded projection or process (eg greater tubercle of humerus)
Site for muscle attachment

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22
Q

What is a crest?

A

Narrow usually prominent ridge of bone (eg iliac crest, anterior tibial crest)
Site for muscle attachment

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23
Q

What is a line?

A

Narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than crest (eg linea aspersa of femur)
Site of muscle attachment

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24
Q

Describe what a spine is (projections and processes)

A

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection (eg posterior superior iliac spine of pelvis)
Site of muscle attachment

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25
What is an articulation?
Joints/projections that help form joints
26
Describe the head of a bone
Bony expansion carried on a neck eg head of humerus | Helps form joints
27
Describe a facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface eg facet for tubercle of rib Help form joints
28
Explain a condyle
Rounded articular projection eg medial/lateral condyles of femur
29
Explain a ramus
Arm like bar of bone eg ischial ramus | Helps form joints
30
Explain a fossa
Shallow basin like depression in a bone often serving as an articular surface
31
Explain the basic anatomy of a long bone
Diaphysis - tubular shaft of compact bone Medullary cavity is the central cavity where marrow is stored (inside diaphysis) Bone is covered by periosteum (dense layer of vascular connective tissue) Periosteum contains osteoblasts which deposit bone and osteoclasts which are multi nucleate The epiphysis (head of the bone) is seperate from the shaft by the epiphysial line/plate Interior of epiphysis is spongy bone Exterior of bone is compact bone Joint ends are covered by articular cartilage
32
Explain the gross anatomy of a short/irregular/flat bone
Thin plates of periosteum covered compact bone which sandwich the endosteum covered spongy bone within
33
What are the three types of bone cells
Osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts
34
Name and describe the to types of bone tissue
Compact bone; hard bone e.g. shaft of a long bone | Cancellous bone; spongy bone e.g. ends of a long bone
35
What are the function units of compact bone called
Osteons
36
Describe the function of the following parts of an osteon | Osteocytes, lacunae, lamallae, Haversian canal, canaliculi
Osteocytes; mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the bone matrix that they produce, continue to form bone which helps keep the strength and health of the bone matrix, it lies within a lacunae Lacunae; small pit in the bone matrix in which an osteocytes lies Lamallae; the layers if concrete bone/layers of bone matrix Haversian canal; microscopic canal within an osteon where blood vessels lie Canaliculi; channels that lie between lacunae
37
What is the difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
Osteoblasts are responsible for lying down and producing new bone while osteoclasts dissolve and break down bone
38
What is the formula of the inorganic salts found in the bones?
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 and calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH2) Make up 60% of bone weight
39
What makes up the organic matrix of bones?
Collagen fibres, glycoproteins (protein and carbohydrate), and cells Makes up 40% of bone weight
40
What is a fracture and what a potential causes?
Any break in a bone | Can be caused by sudden injury, fatigue, stress, or a pathologic condition (neoplasia, osteoporosis, etc.)
41
What is a sprain?
Torn ligament or tendon
42
What is a strain?
Painful overstretch of a muscle, tendon, or ligament
43
Difference between and tendon and a ligament
Tendon connects muscle to bone | Ligament connects bone to bone
44
What can be used to classify a fracture
Ethology, location (distal, midshaft, etc), direction of fracture line (transverse, oblique, etc), type (open, partial, etc)
45
What is reduction of a fracture?
Restoration of a fractured bone to its normal anatomical position - it is then immobilised
46
What is the union of a fracture?
Union of a fracture has occurred when it can withstand normal stress
47
What is a the scientific name for the following types of joints? Immovable Slightly movable Freely moveable
Immovable - Synarthroses (eg sutures between cranial bones) Slightly movable - amphiarthroses (eg between vertebrae) Freely movable - diarthroses (eg knee, shoulder)
48
Describe the characteristic of a fibrous joint
Articulating bones are separated by fibrous connective tissue, immovable (eg sutures)
49
Describe the characteristics of a cartilaginous joint
Articulating bones have cartilage between them, slightly moveable (eg sternum and ribs)
50
Describe the characteristics of a synovial joint
Articulating bones have a fluid-filled space between them, freely movable
51
What are the four distinguishable features of a synovial joint?
1. Articulating bone surfaces are covered by smooth hyaline cartilage 2. Has a joint cavity/potential space filled with lubricating synovial fluids 3. Joint is surrounded by articular capsule composed of two layers (inner - synovial membrane that secrete synovial fluid, outer - fibrous connective tissue joined to periosteum to limit range of movement) 4. Reinforcing ligaments
52
What is lever action?
Muscles that pull on bones that move around a freely movable joint describe a lever action
53
Name and describe the three forces that act on levers
Fulcrum - the joint Effort - muscle force Load/resistance - weight of the limb
54
Characteristic of a first class lever
Fulcrum in the middle eg nodding head
55
Characteristic of a second class lever
Load in the middle eg stand on tippy toes
56
Characteristic of a third class lever
Effort in the middle eg holding the arm horizontally and then flexing in
57
Characteristics of smooth muscle
Not striated, uninucleate, involuntary, not individually named, exist in walls of tubes (blood vessels, gut, bronchioles, ureters, etc)
58
Characteristics of cardiac muscle
Striated, branched, uninucleate, involuntary, intercalated discs, seperate adjacent cells
59
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
Striated, multinucleate, voluntary
60
How many skeletal muscles are in the body?
700 muscles that make up about 40% of body weight
61
Functions of skeletal muscles
Produce movement, maintain posture, stabilise joints, generate heat, communicate
62
What is the definition of origin
Muscle attachment point to a stationary bone
63
What is the definition of insertion?
Muscle attachment point to a movable bone
64
Define agonist
Major muscle, contraction of which produces specified movement (primary mover)
65
Define antagonist
Opposes or reverses a particular movement
66
Define synergist
Aids agonist by promoting the same movement or reducing unnecessary or undesired movements
67
Define fixators
Muscles that immobilise a bone eg scapula is immobilised by muscles attached to axial skeleton
68
List the muscle naming criteria
Direction of muscle fibres, location in the body, relative size, number of origins, shape, origin and insertion, action, whimsy
69
Position, action, insertion and origin of the temporalis
Near the temples Moves the mandible Originates from the temporal fossa and temporal fascia Insertion at the mandible
70
Characteristics of a muscle cell
Large, multinucleate, average of 3cm long, can get up to 30cm long, 10-100 microns in diameter
71
What is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell called?
Sarcolemma - has T tubules
72
What is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell called?
Sarcoplasm - filled with myofibrils of 1-2 microns in diameter
73
What is the endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell called?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
74
What is the endomysium?
Connective tissue that surrounds the individual muscle cells - contains capillaries, nerves, and myosatellite cells (stem cells that repair damaged muscle cells)
75
What is myosin?
The protein of thick myofilaments
76
What is actin (And tropomysin and troponin)?
The protein of this myofilaments
77
Explain the structural units of a muscle from smallest to largest
Cells/sarcomere (multinucleate), myofibril (several sarcomeres connected together), muscle fibre (bunch of sarcomeres)
78
What is thick myofilament composed of?
Myosin (15nm)
79
What is thin myofilament composed of?
Actin (6nm)
80
What is a sarcomere?
A bundle of interdigitated thick and thin myofibrils
81
What is a muscle fibre?
A cell containing many myofibrils
82
What is a fasciculus?
A bundle of muscle fibres
83
Explain the structural units of a muscle from largest to smallest
A muscle contains many fasciculi, a fasciculus contains many muscle fibres (cells), a muscle fibre is composed of many myofibrils, myofibrils are many sarcomeres joined end to end, a sarcomere is a bundle of thick and thin myofilaments, thick myofilaments are made up of the protein myosin and thin myofilaments are made up of the proteins actin, tropomysin and troponin
84
What is a neuromuscular junction?
The meeting point of a motor end plate on the sarcolemma of a muscle cell and the axon terminal of a motor nerve cell - gap crossed by ACh (acetylcholine)

HLTH1004 (3 decks)

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