Musculoskeletal System

Question 1

What is the musculoskeletal system also known as?

Answer 1

Locomotion system

Question 2

What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?

Answer 2

Bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons

Question 3

Function of the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 3

Bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons work together to enable movement, under the control of the nervous system.

Question 4

What nerves are movement controlled by?

Answer 4

Motor nerves.

Question 5

Features of bones:

Answer 5

Living tissue

Good blood supply

Question 6

Functions of the skeleton:

Answer 6

Provides an internal framework for the body
Protects internal organs
Anchors skeletal muscles so movement can occur when muscles contract.

Question 7

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 7

Clavicle and scapular
Upper limbs
Lower limbs
Pelvis

Question 8

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

Answer 8

Skull
Spine
Ribs
Sternum

Question 9

Where are bones discovered?

Answer 9

In deep connective tissue called periosteum.

Question 10

What cells do bones contain and what do they do?

Answer 10

Osteoblasts produce new bone cells and are responsible for bone growth and repair.

Question 11

What nerves do bones contain?

Answer 11

Sensory nerves to transmit pain signals

Question 12

Bones contain:

Answer 12

25% water
30% organic materials
45% inorganic salts

Question 13

3 layers of bone tissue:

Answer 13

Periosteum
Compact bone
Cancellous (spongy) bone

Question 14

Describe compact bone:

Answer 14

Dense outer layer

Appears solid to the naked eye

Question 15

Describe cancellous (spongy) bone:

Answer 15

Appears spongy to the naked eye

Contains red bone marrow

Question 16

Types of bone cells:

Answer 16

Osteogenic cell, Osteoblast, Osteocyte and Osteoclast.

Question 17

What type of cell is an osteogenic cell?

Answer 17

Stem cell

Question 18

Describe osteoblasts:

Answer 18

Matrix - synthesising cells responsible for bone growth, found at the edge of bone.

Question 19

Describe osteocytes:

Answer 19

Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix with lacunae.

Question 20

Describe osteoclasts:

Answer 20

Bone-reabsorbing cell.

Question 21

4 types of bone:

Answer 21

Long bone, Short bone, Flat bone, Irregular bone.

Question 22

Example of long bone:

Answer 22

Humerus

Question 23

Example of short bone:

Answer 23

The carpals in wrist

The tarsals in the ankles

Question 24

Examples of flat bone:

Answer 24

Parietal bone of skull

Question 25

Examples of irregular bone:

Answer 25

Vertebrae of the spine

Question 26

Describe long bones:

Answer 26

Long central shaft contains yellow bone marrow. Expanded end portion called epiphysis, which contains red bone marrow. Eg: femur, ulna, radius.

Question 27

Describe irregular bones:

Answer 27

Have complex, irregular shape | Example: vertebrae

Question 28

Describe flat bones:

Answer 28

Shaped like cured plates | Eg: sternum, ribs and skull

Question 29

Describe short bones:

Answer 29

Often rectangular/square shaped | Eg: wrist, ankle

Question 30

Functions of bone:

Answer 30

Provides a hard framework that supports the body Protects the internal organs Allows movement Stores minerals - calcium and phosphate Produces blood cells - haemopoietic tissue in red bone marrow Stores fat - in yellow bone marrow

Question 31

Describe the spine:

Answer 31

The spinal column is formed of vertebrae | Vertebrae protect the spinal cord

Question 32

Regions of the spine:

Answer 32

``` Cranium 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacrum bones 4 coccyx bones ```

Question 33

Types of joints:

Answer 33

Fibrous joints, Cartilaginous joints and Synovial joints

Question 34

Describe fibrous joints:

Answer 34

Bones connected by fibrous tissue Joints are fixed, no movement possible Eg: skull

Question 35

Describe cartilaginous joints:

Answer 35

Bones connected by cartilage Joints are slightly moveable Eg: first rib, vertebrae, pubis

Question 36

Describe synovial joints:

Answer 36

Presence of synovial fluid within synovial membrane - produces and secretes synovial fluid - fluid lubricates and nourishes the joint They are freely moveable

Question 37

Types of synovial joints:

Answer 37

Ball and socket joints, hinge joints, plane (gliding) joints, pivot joints, candyloid joints and saddle joints.

Question 38

Describe ball and socket joints:

Answer 38

The head of one bone is ball-shaped which works with a cup-shaped socket of another. Eg: hip and shoulder.

Question 39

Describe hinge joints:

Answer 39

The ends of two bones fit together like a hinge using flexion and extension for movement. Eg: knee, ankle and joints between the phalanges of fingers and toes.

Question 40

What are ligaments?

Answer 40

Strong cords of fibrous tissue found at the joint.

Question 41

What do ligaments do?

Answer 41

They support joints binding bones together while still allowing movement of bone at the joint.

Question 42

How do ligaments attach?

Answer 42

Bone to bone

Question 43

How do tendons attach?

Answer 43

Skeletal muscle to bone

Question 44

How do tendons function?

Answer 44

Muscles enable movement by contracting, which stretches tendons, pulling bone.

Question 45

How do muscles work?

Answer 45

Muscles work by contracting, each muscle cell shortens.

Question 46

Two main categories of muscle:

Answer 46

Voluntary - skeletal muscle | Involuntary - smooth muscle and gastrointestinal muscle

Question 47

3 types of muscle:

Answer 47

Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle and Smooth muscle

Question 48

Describe skeletal muscle:

Answer 48

Enable movement Contract when required Striped in appearance Muscle fibres arranged in bundles which are thicker in the middle

Question 49

Describe cardiac muscle:

Answer 49

Muscle of the heart (myocardium) Short branching, striated cells Regulated by heart conduction and hormones

Question 50

Describe smooth muscle:

Answer 50

Involuntary Found in the walls of GI tract organs Contraction regulates movement of the structure's contents, eg: peristalsis or vasoconstriction

Question 51

Characteristics of muscles:

Answer 51

Excitability - able to receive and respond to stimuli, eg, nerves or hormones Contractibility - able to shorten and thicken Extensibility - able to stretch Elasticity - able to return to original shape contraction or extension

Question 52

Types of bone fracture:

Answer 52

Transverse, Linear, Oblique, Spiral, Greenstick and Comminuted

Question 53

Bone fracture healing stages:

Answer 53

Inflammation, Soft Callus, Hard Callus, Remodelling.