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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is adolescence?

A
  • Transitional phase from childhood to adulthood
  • Teenage year (13-19)
  • Increased period of growth and development.
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2
Q

What are the two hormones used in the reproductive system?

A
  • Luteinising Hormone (LH)

- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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3
Q

Where are the reproductive hormones produced?

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland

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4
Q

What is the function of Luteinising Hormone (LH)?

A

Girls: increased levels trigger ovulation
Boys: Stimulates Leydig cells to make testosterone

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5
Q

What is the function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)?

A

Girls: Initiates follicular growth
Boys: Induces Steroli cells - spermotogenesis

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6
Q

Where is oestrogen made?

A

Ovaries

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7
Q

How does FSH affect oestrogen level?

A
  • FSH stimulates the ovarian production

- FSH promotes development of secondary sexual characteristics

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8
Q

What effects do progesterone have on the body?

A
  • Development of the mammary gland in females
  • Develops with prolactin during pregnancy
  • Thickens endometrium for implantation
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9
Q

Where is testosterone secreted?

A

The testes (some secretion in ovaries)

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10
Q

How much higher are testosterone levels in males than females?

A

7-8 higher than females

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11
Q

What effects do testosterone have on the body?

A

Development of secondary sexual characteristics

  • Penile/clitoral enlargement
  • Increased libido
  • Hair growth
  • Increased muscle mass
  • Broader shoulders
  • Voice deepening
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12
Q

What effects do hormones have on emotion?

A

Mood swings
Frustration/irritability
Sexual desires
Self esteem

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13
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

onset of androgen dependent changes e.g. pubic and axillary hair, BO, acne

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14
Q

What is thelarche?

A

Female breast development

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15
Q

What is puberty?

A

Development of secondary sexual characteristics. Attain reproductive capacity

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16
Q

What is menarche?

A

Menstruation

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17
Q

Where are reproductive hormones released from?

A 
Hypothalamus (Gonadotrophin releasing hormone GnRH and LHRH)
Pituitary gland (LH and FSH)
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18
Q

In girls, which hormones effect which sexual characteristic?

A
  • LH and FSH act on the ovary
  • Oestrogen acts on breast growth, vaginal growth, clitoris growth
  • Progesterone acts on vaginal and uterine growth and initiation of the menstrual cycle
19
Q

In what order does sexual development start in girls?

A

Breast growth -> acceleration in height -> pubic and axillary hair growth -> menarche

20
Q

In boys, which hormones effect which sexual characteristic?

A
  • LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone
  • FSH binds to receptors on the Sertoli cells, enhancing
    spermatogenesis
21
Q

In what order does sexual development start in boys?

A

Testicular growth -> growth of penis, pubic and axillary hair growth -> acceleration in height -> voice deepens, facial hair growth

22
Q

How many stages are there in genital staging?

A

Five

23
Q

What are the primary and secondary sex organs in females?

A

Primary - ovaries

Secondary - fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

24
Q

What are the primary and secondary sex organs in males?

A

Primary - testes

Secondary - ducts, glands, penis

25
Q

Features of the testes?

A
  • produce sperm cells
  • developed from germ cells in seminiferous tubules
  • secrete testosterone by interstitial/Leydig cells
26
Q

Features of Leydig cells:

A
  • found next to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle

- produce testosterone in the presence of Luteinising Hormone

27
Q

Features of the scrotum:

A
  • Protects the testes and maintains the temperature of the testes 2 degrees lower than body temp
  • dual chambered
  • located under the penis
  • one is typically lower than the other
28
Q

Features of the epididymus:

A
  • storage site of sperm cells
  • absorbs about 90% of the fluid secreted by the testes
  • sperm remains here for 40-60 days (absorbed if not ejaculated in time)
29
Q

What is semen?

A
  • Fluid expelled during orgasm
  • Mixture from secretions from the epididymus, seminal vesicle, prostate and bulbourethral gland.
  • Main constituents are sperm, fructose, clotting and anti-coagulant factors and prostaglandins.
30
Q

Why does semen contain fructose?

A
  • produced by the seminal vesicles

- provides a source of energy for the sperm

31
Q

Why does semen contain clotting and anticoagulant actors?

A
  • produced by the seminal vesicles and prostate

- semen clots like blood, after 15-30 mins, anticoagulant factors dissolve the clot

32
Q

Why does semen contain prostaglandis?

A
  • produced by the prostate and seminal vesicles

- stimulate peristaltic contractions of the female reproductive tract that may help draw semen into the uterus

33
Q

Main parts of a sperm:

A
  • Acrosome - enzymes used to dissolve a path to penetrate the egg
  • Nucleus - genetics
  • Mitochondria - produce ATP for sperm motility
34
Q

What is the male sexual response?

A
  • Erection of the penis allows penetration into the female vagina
  • Ejaculation expels semen into the uterus
35
Q

What is ejaculation?

A
  • It is initiated by sympathetic nervous impulses
  • the ducts and accessory glands contract, emptying their contents into the urethra
  • the urethral sphincters constrict
  • the bulbospongiosus muscles of the penis contract rapidly and rhythmically, propelling semen into the urethra
36
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

A period following ejaculation and lasting from 10 minutes to a few hours, where it is impossible to attain another erection and orgasm.

37
Q

Features of the ovaries:

A
  • produce oocytes (oogenesis) , most primary oocytes undergo a process of degeneration called atresia. Only one oocyte is ovulated each 28 day cycle.
38
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A
  • Oestorgen
  • Progesterone
  • Inhibin
  • Androgens
39
Q

Features of the fallopian tubes:

A
  • the cilia beat towards the uterus
40
Q

Features of the uterus:

A
  • harbours the embryo
  • provides nutrients
  • expels the foetus at the end of its development
41
Q

Features of the vagina:

A
  • Contain striated squamous epithelium

- Bacteria ferment glycogen to lactic acid, resulting in a low vaginal pH

42
Q

What are the features of accessory glands of the female reproductive system?

A

They keep the vagina moist and provide most of the lubrication for intercourse

43
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Egg production

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (5 decks)

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