Musculoskeletal System Pharm

Question 1

Osteoblasts

Answer 1

Function in bone formation

Question 2

Osteocytes

Answer 2

Mature bone cells that function in bone maintenance

Question 3

Osteoclasts

Answer 3

Multinuclear cells function in destroying, resorbing, and remodeling bone

Question 4

Osteogenesis

Answer 4

Process of bone formation

Question 5

Ossification

Answer 5

The process of formation of the bone matrix and deposition of minerals

Question 6

Regulating Factors

Answer 6

• Stress and weight bearing
• Vitamin D
• Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
• Blood supply

Question 7

Synarthrosis

Answer 7

Immovable joints

Question 8

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 8

Allow limited movement

Question 9

Diarthrosis

Answer 9

Freely movable

Question 10

Examples of Diagnostic Tests

Answer 10

Radiographs
Computed tomography
MRI
Arthrography
Bone densitometry
Bone scan
Arthroscopy
Arthrocentesis
Electromyography
Biopsy
Laboratory studies

Question 11

Bursitis and tendonitis

Answer 11

Inflammatory conditions of bursa sac or tendons

Question 12

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 12

Entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve typically caused by inflammatory disorders, repetitive hand movement, and trauma

Question 13

Flatfoot

Answer 13

Longitudinal arch of the foot is diminished by congenital
abnormalities, trauma, or excessive pressure

Question 14

Plantar fasciitis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the foot supporting fascia localized to the
anterior medial aspect of the heel

Question 15

Treatments of Common Upper and Lower Extremity Conditions

Answer 15

• Treat Pain
• Therapy
• Exercise
• Adjunct therapies
• Devices
• Weight Reduction/Nutrition
• Education
• Surgery

Question 16

Pathophysiology of Gouty Arthritis (GOUT)

Answer 16

• Uric acid crystals deposited in joints/connective tissues
• Inflammation at joint
• Hyperuricemia
  
  • Overproduction of uric acid
  • Inability to excrete uric acid

Question 17

Treatment for GOUT

Answer 17

Reduce inflammation
- NSAIDS and corticosteroids
Increase uric acid elimination
- Uricosuric agents

Question 18

Acute Gout Attack Precipitates

Answer 18

Trauma
Surgery
Starvation
Medications
Diet: Alcohol, Meat, fish

Question 19

Radiculopathy

Answer 19

Pain radiating down leg

Question 20

Sciatica

Answer 20

Pain radiating from inflamed sciatic nerve

Question 21

Treatment of Lower Back Pain

Answer 21

Pain relief (pharmacological and non-pharmacological)
* Therapy- PT/OT
* Exercise
* Weight Reduction/Nutrition
* Education
* Surgery

Question 22

Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD)

Answer 22

• Is a herniated vertebral disc (AKA ruptured disc) causing protrusion of disc onto nerve causing compression. Usually a result of degenerative changes that occur with again.
• In particular, the ruptured nucleus pulposus is protruding onto the annulus (fibrous ring
  around the disc).
• The loss of protein polysaccharides in the disc decreases water content of the nucleus pulposus. This can cause cracks in the annulus that weakens resistance to the nucleus from herniating.

Question 23

Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation

Answer 23

Caused by spondylosis: degenerative changes in disc alignment and adjacent vertebral bodies

Question 24

Osteoporosis

Answer 24

Normal homeostatic bone turnover is altered, and the rate of bone resorption is greater than the rate of bone formation, resulting in loss of total bone mass

Bone becomes porous, brittle, and fragile and breaks easily under stress

Question 25

Prevention of Osteoporosis

Answer 25

- Balanced diet high in calcium and vitamin D throughout life - Use of calcium supplements to ensure adequate calcium intake: take in divided doses with vitamin C - Regular weight-bearing exercises: 20 to 30 minutes a day - Weight training stimulates bone mineral density (BMD)

Question 26

Osteomalacia

Answer 26

A metabolic bone disease characterized by inadequate bone mineralization

Question 27

Septic (Infectious) Arthritis

Answer 27

- Presents with a warm, painful, swollen joint with decreased range of motion. - Systemic chills, fever, and leukocytosis are sometimes present

Question 28

Contusion

Answer 28

Soft tissue injury produced by blunt force

Question 29

Strain

Answer 29

Pulled muscle injury to the musculotendinous unit

Question 30

Sprain

Answer 30

Injury to ligaments and supporting muscle fiber around a joint

Question 31

Dislocation

Answer 31

Articular surfaces of the joint are not in contact

Question 32

Closed or simple fracture

Answer 32

No break in the skin

Question 33

Open or compound/complex | Grades as well

Answer 33

Wound extends to the bone * Grade I: 1 cm long clean wound * Grade II: larger wound without extensive damage * Grade III: highly contaminated, extensive soft tissue injury, may have amputation

Question 34

Emergency Management of a Fracture

Answer 34

- Immobilize the body part - Splinting: joints distal and proximal to the suspected fracture site must be supported and immobilized - Assess neurovascular status before and after splinting - Open fracture: cover with sterile dressing to prevent contamination - Do not attempt to reduce the fracture