Musculoskeletal System: The Muscles

Question 1

What is muscle tissue?

Answer 1

Specialised tissue that contracts when stimulated to exert a physical force on other tissues, organs or fluids

Question 2

What are the types of muscle?

Answer 2

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

Question 3

Where would you find cardiac muscle?

Answer 3

Myocardial layer of the heart

Question 4

What are the features of cardiac muscle?

Answer 4

Striated, shorter than skeletal muscle, branched, connected by intercalated discs with a centrally located nucleus

Question 5

Are smooth muscle cells innervated?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

Give an example of smooth muscle that is innervated

Answer 6

Muscles in the iris

Question 7

What may smooth muscle contract or relax in response to?

Answer 7

Chemicals, hormones, local O2 concentrations and physical factors (stretching/irritation)

Question 8

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

Answer 8

Sheets, bundles or sheaths, cells are bound together transmitting contractile forces and has a normal background level of activity

Question 9

What control is skeletal muscle under?

Answer 9

Somatic/ voluntary control

Question 10

What is the general structure of a skeletal muscle?

Answer 10

Origin, belly, insertion

Question 11

Where is skeletal muscle found not on the skeleton?

Answer 11

Voluntary sphincters of the eyelids, urethra and anus, diaphragm, tongue and some muscles of the oesophagus

Question 12

What are the features of myofibres?

Answer 12

Cylindrical, multinucleate, striated and packed with contractile proteins

Question 13

What is the skeletal muscle body covered in (and what is it called)?

Answer 13

Dense layer of collagen fibres - epimysium

Question 14

What does the epimysium enclose?

Answer 14

Several muscle fasciculi

Question 15

What is a fascicle?

Answer 15

Bundles of muscle fibre grouped together

Question 16

What does the perimysium contain?

Answer 16

Contains blood vessels and nerves that are passing into the muscle tissue

Question 17

How can muscle adapt to change in activity patterns and loading?

Answer 17

Muscle size, balance between protein synthesis and degradation and diseased states

Question 18

How do skeletal muscles attach to bones?

Answer 18

Through extensions of their connective tissue components

Question 19

What is an aponeurosis?

Answer 19

A broad flat tendon attaching a muscle to the bone

Question 20

How do indirect muscular attachments work?

Answer 20

Muscle ends short of its bony destination and the bridge is gapped by a tendon

Question 21

How do direct muscle attachments work?

Answer 21

Short collagen fibres gap the bridge between muscle and bone

Question 22

How many attachments do biceps have?

Answer 22

2

Question 23

How many attachments do triceps have?

Answer 23

3

Question 24

How many attachments do quadriceps have?

Answer 24

4

Question 25

What does a muscle do when it contracts?

Answer 25

Moves one bone relative to another

Question 26

What is the origin of a muscle?

Answer 26

Bony attachment site at the stationary end

Question 27

What is the insertion of a muscle?

Answer 27

The attachment site at the more mobile end

Question 28

Where is the quadriceps femoris proximal attachment?

Answer 28

Femur

Question 29

Where is the quadriceps femoris distal attachment?

Answer 29

Tibia, just below the knee

Question 30

Where is the origin and insertion of the quadriceps femoris when you're sat down and straightening your legs?

Answer 30

Femur is origin and tibia is insertion

Question 31

Where is the origin and insertion of the quadriceps femoris when you're standing up?

Answer 31

Tibia is origin and femur is insertion

Question 32

What are the functional muscle groups?

Answer 32

Agonist, antagonist, synergistic and fixation

Question 33

What is an agonist muscle?

Answer 33

Contraction is chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement

Question 34

What is an antagonist muscle?

Answer 34

Action opposes that of a particular agonist - stretches but will not usually contract completely

Question 35

What is a synergist muscle?

Answer 35

Aids agonist to stabilise joint or start movement

Question 36

What is a fixator muscle?

Answer 36

Prevents unwanted movement and stabilises a joint

Question 37

What does an increase in the number of muscle fibres do to the strength of contraction?

Answer 37

Increases it

Question 38

How are fibres within a fascicle arranged?

Answer 38

Parallel

Question 39

What does the orientation of fascicles determine?

Answer 39

Functional properties of muscle

Question 40

What do fusiform muscles look like?

Answer 40

Thick in the middle and tapered at each end

Question 41

What do parallel muscles look like?

Answer 41

Fairly uniform width with parallel fascicles

Question 42

What do circular muscles look like?

Answer 42

Fibres arranged concentrically around an opening or recess

Question 43

What do triangular muscles look like?

Answer 43

Broad at one end and narrow at the other

Question 44

What are pennate muscles?

Answer 44

Muscles with fascicles that attach obliquely to it's tendon

Question 45

Give an example of a fusiform muscle

Answer 45

biceps brachii and soas major muscle

Question 46

Give an example of a parallel muscle

Answer 46

Rectum abdominus

Question 47

Give an example of a circular muscle

Answer 47

orbicularis oculi

Question 48

How are the muscle fibres arranged in unipennate muscles?

Answer 48

All on the same side of the tendon

Question 49

How are the muscle fibres arranged in bipennate muscles?

Answer 49

Approach tendon from both sides

Question 50

How are the muscle fibres arranged in multipennate muscles?

Answer 50

Branching of the tendon within a pennate muscle

Question 51

Give an example of a unipennate muscle

Answer 51

Palmar interosseous

Question 52

Give an example of a bipennate muscle

Answer 52

Rectus femoris

Question 53

Give an example of a multipennate muscle

Answer 53

Deltoid

Question 54

What does the strength of any given muscle depend in part on?

Answer 54

Physiological cross sectional area

Question 55

What are the muscles of the limbs divided into?

Answer 55

Discrete compartments

Question 56

What are muscle compartments divided by?

Answer 56

A sleeve of deep fascia

Question 57

In the arm what are the anterior and posterior compartments relative to?

Answer 57

Humerus

Question 58

What two muscles both attach at the Coracoid process?

Answer 58

Biceps brachii and coracobrachialis

Question 59

What muscles are in the anterior arm compartment?

Answer 59

biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis

Question 60

What are the names of the compartments in the arm proper?

Answer 60

Anterior and posterior

Question 61

What muscle is in the posterior arm compartment?

Answer 61

Triceps brachii

Question 62

What are the compartments in the forearm?

Answer 62

Anterior and posterior compartments

Question 63

How many muscles are there in the anterior compartment of the forearm and where are they found?

Answer 63

8 (4 superficial, one intermediate and three deep)

Question 64

Where is the common site of origin for the superficial anterior muscles of the forearm?

Answer 64

Medial epicondyle humerus

Question 65

What is special about the palmaris longus muscle?

Answer 65

It has a really long tendon

Question 66

Where does the flexor digitorum profundus run to?

Answer 66

Distal phalanx

Question 67

Where does the flexor pollicis longus run to?

Answer 67

Thumb

Question 68

Where does the flexor digitorium profundus run to and what is its function?

Answer 68

Middle phalynx, flex the digits

Question 69

What is the function of the anterior forearm?

Answer 69

Flexion of the wrist and fingers and pronation of the forearm

Question 70

How many muscles are in the posterior compartment of the forearm and where are they found?

Answer 70

12 (7 superficial and 5 deep)

Question 71

What is the common site of origin for the muscles of the posterior forearm?

Answer 71

lateral epicondyle humerus

Question 72

What is the function of the posterior forearm?

Answer 72

Extension of the wrist and fingers and supination of the forearm

Question 73

Where is the thigh?

Answer 73

Between the inguinal ligament and knee joint

Question 74

What are the compartments of the thigh?

Answer 74

Anterior, posterior and medial

Question 75

What is the function of the anterior thigh?

Answer 75

Extension of the knee and flexion of the hips

Question 76

How many muscles are in the anterior thigh?

Answer 76

3

Question 77

What is the function of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

Answer 77

Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee

Question 78

What is the function of the medial thigh?

Answer 78

Adduct hip

Question 79

How many muscles are in the posterior thigh?

Answer 79

3

Question 80

How many muscles are in the medial thigh?

Answer 80

5

Question 81

Which muscles join together in the thigh?

Answer 81

Psoas major and illiacus muscle

Question 82

Which is the longest strap muscle in the body and where does it run?

Answer 82

Sartorius muscle - from the ASIS to the tibia

Question 83

What are the compartments of the leg?

Answer 83

Posterior, anterior and lateral

Question 84

How many muscles are found in the posterior leg?

Answer 84

7

Question 85

Which muscles combine to form the calcaneal tendon?

Answer 85

Gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 86

What are the posterior leg muscles involved in?

Answer 86

Plantarflex and inversion of the foot

Question 87

What is the anterior leg involved in?

Answer 87

Dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot

Question 88

How many muscles are in the anterior leg?

Answer 88

3

Question 89

What is the lateral leg involved in?

Answer 89

Eversion of the foot

Question 90

How many muscles are in the lateral leg?

Answer 90

2