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Anatomy 2 > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the divisions of the whole brain?

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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2
Q

What are the divisions of the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon

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3
Q

Which is the largest area of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

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4
Q

What are the two cerebral hemispheres separated by?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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5
Q

What are the two cerebral hemispheres connected by?

A

Corpus callousum

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6
Q

What function is the cerebrum involved in?

A

Conscious thought processes and intellectual function,
memory storage, processing and retrieval
conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contraction

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7
Q

Where is the diencephalon found?

A

Very deep in the brain

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8
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

Dorsal thalamus and the ventral hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the function of the dorsal thalamus?

A

Relay and processing centre

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10
Q

What is the ventral hypothalamus involved in?

A

Hormone production and emotional control

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11
Q

What are the regions of the hindbrain?

A

Pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum

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12
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinated complex somatic motor patterns, maintains balance and refines learned movement patterns

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13
Q

What is the cortex made of?

A

Grey matter

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14
Q

What are the raised bits of the cortex called?

A

Gyri

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15
Q

What are the fissures in the Cortex called?

A

Sulci

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16
Q

What is the function of the gyri and sulci?

A

Increase brain surface area and subdivide it into lobes

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17
Q

What lobes does the central sulcus separate?

A

Frontal and parietal

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18
Q

What lobes does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

Frontal, parietal and temporal

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19
Q

What lobes does the parietooccipital sulcus separate?

A

Parietal and occipital

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20
Q

What is directly anterior to the central sulcus?

A

Prefrontal gyrus - primary motor area

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21
Q

What does the primary motor area control?

A

Voluntary movement

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22
Q

What is directly posterior to the central sulcus?

A

Primary sensory area - located on the post-central gyrus

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23
Q

What does the primary sensory area do?

A

Receives and interprets sensations

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24
Q

What is directly inferior to the lateral sulcus?

A

Primary auditory area- on the superior temporal gyrus

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25
What is the primary auditory area involved in?
Reception and interpretation of sound
26
What is the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus called?
Wernickes area
27
What is wernicke's area involved in?
Comprehension of speech
28
What is directly superior to the lateral sulcus?
Broca's area (motor speech area)
29
What does Broca's area do?
Movements involved in speech
30
Where is the primary visual area located?
Posterior pole of the occipital lobe
31
What does the brainstem contain?
Medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain
32
Which part of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
33
What connects the cerebellum and cerebrum?
Pons
34
What acts as a conduit between the forebrain and cerebellum?
Midbrain
35
What is the arterial supply of the brain?
Two internal carotid arteries, two vertebral arteries and the circle of Willis
36
What is the path of the internal carotid arteries?
Leave neck passing into cranial area through the carotid canal Passes upwards and forwards into the cavernous venous sinus Passes lateral to the optic chiasm
37
What is the path of the vertebral arteries?
Ascend through the foramen in the transverse process of the upper six cervical vertebrae Enters cranial cavity through the foramen magnum and join together to form the basilar artery
38
Where do the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries anastomose and what do they form?
Inferior surface of the brain to form the circle of Willis
39
What does the circle of Willis encircle?
Optic chiasm
40
What does the circle of Willis provide?
Collateral blood flow between anterior and posterior brain that provides alternate blood flow to the hemispheres
41
Why is the circle of willis important?
Prevents brain ischaemia
42
What does 'autoregulation of cerebral blood flow' mean?
The ability of the brain to maintain relatively constant blood flow
43
Why is the brains blood flow auto regulated?
Need for constant blood flow and water homeostasis
44
What do reductions in cerebral blood flow stimulate?
Release of vasoactive substances from the brain that cause arterial dilation
45
What do cerebral smooth muscle in arterioles constrict in response to?
Elevated pressure
46
What are the two main causes of a stroke?
Ischaemia and haemorrhage
47
What causes brain ischaemia?
Blood supply blocked due to a blood clot
48
What causes a brain haemorrhage?
Weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursting
49
What happens if there's a stroke in the anterior cerebral bit of the brain?
Affects the primary motor cortex for lower limb and perineum of the contralateral side
50
What does a blockage in the middle cerebral bit of brain lead to?
Loss of sensation and motor function everywhere but the lower limbs and perineum
51
What does a blockage in the posterior cerebral bit of the brain lead to?
Visual field defects and memory loss
52
What are the bits of cranial meninges?
Dura, arachnoid and pia mater
53
What are the two layers of the dura mater called?
Endosteal (or periosteal) and meningeal
54
Where is the periosteal layer of the dura mater?
Covers the skull
55
What is the periosteum made of?
A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of joints
56
What does the meningeal layer cover?
Brain
57
Where/ what is the cranial dura mater continuous with?
Through the foramen magnum with the dura mater of the spinal cord
58
What do the septa of the cranial dura mater do?
Divide the cranial cavity into freely communicating spaces
59
What are the functions of the cranial dura mater septa?
Contain the brain subdivisions and restrict rotary brain displacement
60
What are the reflections of the dura mater?
``` Falx cerebri Falx cerebelli Tentorium cerebelli Tentorial notch Diaphragma sellae ```
61
Where does the Falx cerebri lie?
Midline between the two cerebral hemispheres
62
Where is the falx cerebelli?
Projects forward between the cerebellar hemispheres
63
Where is the tentorium cerebelli?
Over posterior cranial fossa, upper surface of cerebellum Supports the occipital lobes of cerebral hemispheres
64
What does the diaphragm sellae allow?
Passage of the infundibulum
65
Where are the venous sinuses found?
Between the periosteal and meningeal layers of dura mater
66
What do the venous sinuses join together to form?
Internal jugular vein
67
Where do the venous sinuses receive tributaries from?
Brain, skull bones, orbit and internal ear
68
What are the three intracranial haemorrhages?
Extradural, subdural and subarachnoid
69
What are intracranial haemorrhages the result of?
Trauma or cerebral vascular lesions
70
Where are extradural intracranial haemorrhages?
Between the periosteal and meningeal dura mater
71
What is a subdural intracranial haemorrhage?
Buildup of blood between the dura mater and subarachnoid mater
72
What are subdural haemorrhages caused by?
A tearing of veins as they enter the superior saggital sinus
73
What are subarachnoid haemorrhages caused by?
Leakage or rupture of the circle of Willis
74
What happens if you have a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Severe headache -> loss of consciousness
75
How do you diagnose a subarachnoid haemorrhage?
Withdrawing heavily bloodstained CSF through a lumbar puncture
76
What is the central canal?
CSF filled central passageway that extends along the spinal cord and brain
77
What are the functions of CSF?
Brain cushion, buoyancy, suitable environment for correct brain function transport for nutrients and waste
78
What is CSF?
Clear colourless fluid
79
What forms the CSF?
Chorioid plexus
80
Where does CSF circulate through?
Ventricular system
81
How does CSF enter the bloodstream?
Passing through the arachnoid into the venous sinuses
82
What is hydrocephalus?
Accumulation of CSF
83
What causes hydrocephalus?
Either overproduction of CSF or blockage of the ventricular system
84
What happens in a neonatal skull with hydrocephalus?
Increased pressure forces unfused cranial bones apart, leading to cranial abnormalities as well as neurological complications
85
What happens in a fused adult skull with hydrocephalus?
Leads to a dangerous rise in intracranial pressure
86
What can you treat hydrocephalus with?
A shunt that drains CSF from the ventricular system into a body cavity where it can be reabsorbed
87
Which cranial nerves arise from the cerebrum?
Olfactory (I) and optic (II)
88
Which cranial nerves arise from the pons?
Abducens (VI), facial (VII) and vestibulocochlear (VIII)
89
Which cranial nerves arise from the medulla oblongata?
Glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI) and hypoglossal (XII)
90
Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?
Trochlear (IV)
91
Which cranial nerves arise from the junction between the midbrain and pons?
oculomotor (III)
92
Where do the olfactory bulb and tract lie within?
The anterior cranial cortex
93
What contains olfactory receptors?
Epithelial within the nasal cavity
94
Which of the cranial nerves is surrounded by cranial meninges?
Optic nerve
95
Which cranial nerves exit the skull through the jugular foramen?
Vagus, glossopharyngeal and accessory
96
Which is the longest cranial nerve in the body?
Vagus
97
What does the vagus nerve innervate?
Skin of external acoustic Meatus, internal surfaces of laryngopharynx and larynx

Anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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