Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

1 Microbiology Oral/Med > MUST KNOWS > Flashcards

MUST KNOWS Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote reproduce through?

A

binary fission (asexual)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bacterial growth is?

A

1) bacteria growth occurs via binary fission
2) increase in mass
3) increase in number
4) growth is rapid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

during what phase is binary fission in?

A

** PREPARATION in Lag phase
**HAPPENS HERE: Log phase has exponential growth
** Stationary has no growth
Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In binary fission, the septum formation in called? Formed by?

A

divisome

*formed by Fts proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the 3 important historical people?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • FIRST MICROBIOLOGIST (oral)
  • first to discribe bacteria using a microscope
  • MADE a microscope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is terminal enzyme in fermentative pathway?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does lactate dehydrogenase do in biofilm?

A

lowers the pH by 2-3; this drop in pH causes the demineralization at tooth surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • discovered living organisms have D isomers
  • discovered alcoholic fermentation
  • disproved spontaneous generation
  • developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera, rabies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Kochs postulates
  • discovered that organisms were the cause of disease
  • made method to grow ISOLATED colonies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe koch postulates?

A

approach to determine which microorganisms causes disease

1) need infeted animal
2) must be isolated
3) same outcome in another aniamal
4) must be isolated again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define Quorum Sensing

A

process by which cells are able to detect the accumulation of a released signal and then change their behavior when the signal concentration exceeds a threshold level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does Quorum Sensing allow cells to do?

A

survey their environment for cells of their own kind in order to SENSE POPULATIOn SIZE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a common quorum sensing inducer?

A

AHL

Acyl homoserine lactone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Quorum Sensing can sometimes lead to production of ?

A

virulence factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does AHL work?

A

1) cross membrane and boundby LuxR
2) AHL/LuxR complex binds to DNA regulatory region and activated transcription of QS genes
3) expression of lux-ligke genes results in wide range of activities like light production, virulence, motility, secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

peptidoglycan is found in?

A

cell wall of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cell wall components of G+

A

peptidoglycan and teichois acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

cell wall components of G-

A

peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

peptidoglycan is found deeper in G- or G+ cell walls?

A

G- (because it has an outer membrane!!! IT IS A THINER layer as well)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

peptidoglycan consists of? Linked by?

A

NAG and NAM (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid)

**linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is an enzyme our body produces that destroys peptidoglycan?

A

lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Transpeptidation concludes the synthesis of?

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Vancomycin treats G+ infections by?

What about G-?

A

binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine part of the PENTAPEPTIDE

  • INACTIVE against G-
  • obtained from streptomycess orientalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What does penicillin do?
prevents cross-linkage of cell wall peptidoglycan
26
lysozyme targets?
beta 1-4 glycosidic covalent bond between NAM and NAG in peptidoglycan
27
Why would Vancomycin prevents transpaptidation?
it binds to the pantapeptide before the pentapeptide can bind to the tetrapeptide
28
Acid fast bacteria contain _____ acid layer where?
mycolic acid layer EXTERIOR to peptidoglycan, called the mycobacteria outer membrane
29
In addition to peptidoglycan, G- bacteria's outer membrane contains?
LPS (lipopolysaccharide)
30
penicillin is more affective against G- or G+? Why?
G+ | * bc G+ has thicker peptidoglycan
31
What bacteria controls S. mutans participation in biofilm participation?
Streptococcus salvarius
32
Streptococcus salvarius controls S. mutans how?
through production of FRUCTANASE
33
tooth decay is caused by what two bacteria?
streptococci sobrinus | streptococci mutans
34
dental plaque is a type of?
biofilm
35
biofilm is spread or started by?
planktonic bacteria that migrate
36
is the majority of a biofilm cells?
NO! it is EXTRACELLULAR
37
many dental procedures lead to?
bacteremia; entry of streptococcus mutens into bloodstream
38
What does S. mutans produce that is the cause of carries?
lactate dehydrogenase
39
tooth decay is promoted by diets?
high in sucrose
40
Mycobacteria vs mycoplasm
* *Mycobacteria= acid fast, mycolic acid * *Mycoplasm= no cell wall, DO have sterols in membrane * ***BOTH are major pathogens to humans and require special antibiotics (penicillin will NOT work)
41
penicillin vs bacitracin vs vancomysin inhibition
- -penicillin=blocks crossbridge formation bc transpeptedase enzyme binds to it - -bacitracin= blocks bactoprenol transport of peptidoglycine unit - - Vancomysin= blocks pentapeptide from becoming tetrapeptide (so transpeptidation is never complete)
42
categories of antibiotics are based on?
what they inhibit in the bacteria cell; either protein, nucleic acid or peptidoglycan synthsis
43
describe Beta-lactam antibiotics? Examples?
have beta lactum ring in structure, focus on penicillin binding proteins that are involved in peptidoglycan synthesis **inhibit cell wall synthsis by BLOCKING transpeptedase enzyme Ex: transpepidase an carboxypeptidase
44
penicillin is the founding member to what group of antibiotics? G vs V?
Penicillium chrysogenum * inhibit cell wall synthsis * Penicillin G is inactivated by gastirc acid so it is used intravenously BUT penicillin V is more resistant to acid and is an oral drug
45
Cephalosporin drug
another B-lactam antibiotic but have a wider antibacterial spectrum than penicillins
46
What is the link between NAM/NAG vs NAM/NAM
* NAM/NAG= beta 1,4 glycosidic covalent bond | * NAM/NAM= crossbridge between different layers
47
biomes in the gut are involved in?
heath, personality, chronic inflammation, behavior, immune diseases
48
what is one unit of peptidoglycan?
1 NAM 1 NAG 1 peptide *all in cytoplasm
49
what does bactophrenal do?
flips the unit of peptidoglycan from inside the cytosol to outside in the cell wall
50
Compare G+ and G-
* *G+ has more peptidoglycan and (lipo)teichoic acid | * *G- has less peptodoglycan, outermember, LPS, periplasmic space
51
Do broad spectrum antibiotics (specifically ones that target protein synthesis or DNA synthesis) will have a big impact on?
gut microbiome for a short period of time
52
Name antibiotics that target nucleic acid synthesis
- quinolones | - rifampin and rifabutin (produced from streptomyces)
53
tetracyclines causes what in dentistry?
perma nent tooth staining (mainly ins kids)
54
Name antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis
vancomycin (streptomycess orientalis) | bacitracin (Bacillus licheniformis)
55
In host parasite interactions, what is the M protein?
an attachment factor
56
acyl homoserine lactone... he said this twice in office. its has something to do with?
quorum sensing
57
Outer, middle and inner portions of LPS?
G- * outer= are "O" specific * middle=core polysaccarhides (glucose, galactose, NAG) * inner= lacjs "O" secific, but has LIPID A which is the TOXIC part
58
fimbrae vs pili
* fimbrae= short * pili= long, made of pilin protein * both involved in conjugation
59
glucosyl transferase is found where? does what?
found in capsule/slime layer | *converts sucrose to glucose or fructose *needed to cause caries
60
what is an endospore?
highly resistant differentiated bacterial cell produced by GRAM POSITIVE bacteria * layers: exosporium, coat, cortex, core wall * produce small acid-soluble proteins for protection * dipicolinic acid
61
what are thegenus/species for aerobic and anarobic endospore formined bacteria?
``` aerobic= Bacillis species anaerobic= clostridium species ```
62
genetic exchange through what 3 mechanisms?
conjugation, transformation, transduction
63
conjuation vs transduction vs transformation
- -conjugation=free plasmid moves from donor to recipient via a pilus - -transformation= release of DNA fragments from dead donor cell, DNA enters recipient - -transduction= transducing phage contains DNA and leaves dead donor, phage interacts with recipient

1 Microbiology Oral/Med (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions