Bacterial Structure 2&3. 5

Question 1

pili and fimbriae are primarily? functions?

Answer 1

exterior protrusions
 involved in attachment to tissue including salivary components
 May also be involved in movement
 involved in conjugation to other bacteria of same species
 viruses that infect bacteria sometime use these as receptors

Question 2

Longer protrusions are? shorter are?

Answer 2

longer= fimbriae
shorter= pili

Question 3

fimbriae main function?

Answer 3

attachment

Question 4

pili main attachment?

Answer 4

conjugation

Question 5

pili and fimbriae composed of?

Answer 5

protein subunit called pilin

Question 6

example of a human pathogen that has fimbrae that are virulence factors

Answer 6

Bordetella pertussis

Question 7

Prokaryotes may contain one of several types of cell surface layers composed of?

Answer 7

Capsule
S-layer
slime layer

Question 8

capsules and slime layers are involved in?

Answer 8

attachment and prevent phagocytosis

*Capsule prevents phagocytosis by macrophages or neutrophils and protects cell from its environment

Question 9

Capsule

Answer 9

Rigid polysaccharide layers firmly attached to cell

Question 10

S-layer

Answer 10

• two-dimensional arrays of proteins

* a selective sieve, allowing passage of low-molecular-weight substances while excluding large molecules

Question 11

slime layer

Answer 11

Diffuse, amorphous, less compact polysaccharide matrix

Question 12

What bacteria has a Polysaccharides caspsule?

Answer 12

-Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 13

What bacteria has a hyaluronic acid caspsule?

Answer 13

-Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 14

What bacteria has a poly-D-glutamic acid caspsule?

Answer 14

-Polypeptides-Bacillus anthracis

Question 15

What bacteria has a dextran and levan-polysaccharides caspsule?

Answer 15

-Streptococcus mutans

Question 16

another name for storage granules?

Answer 16

inclusions

Question 17

Many bacteria have Storage granules

(inclusions) that are composed of? produced under conditions of? Examples?

Answer 17

• composed of high molecular weight polymers
• produced under conditions of unbalanced growth
• Ex: Volutin

Question 18

What does does Volutin stain? What is it?

Answer 18

a metachromatic granule storage granule
* toluidine blue causes volutin to stain
reddish violet

Question 19

what is Polybetahydroxybutyric acid?

Answer 19

polymer of C4 fatty acid

*Volutin stoarge granules are full of this

Question 20

Glycogen Storage granules are polymers of?

Answer 20

glucose with alpha1-4/alpha1-6 bonds

Question 21

Glycogen Storage granules stain what color?

Answer 21

stains red with addition of potassium iodide

Question 22

when bacteria are carbohydrate deficient then glycogen is degraded by

Answer 22

glycogen phosphorylase to allow glucose to enter glycolysis

Question 23

HOW can Streptococcus mutans cause caries even during the overnight when sucrose is not eaten?

Answer 23

via Glycogen Storage granules
*when bacteria are carbohydrate deficient then glycogen is degraded by glycogen phosphorylase to allow glucose to enter glycolysis

Question 24

The endospore is a highly resistant _____ bacterial cell produced by?

Answer 24

differentiated bacterial cell produced

by certain gram-positive Bacteria

Question 25

how do bacteria survive extreme environments?

Answer 25

spore formation | **Endospores can germinate a live cell even after many decades, centuries, or millennia

Question 26

spores are resistant to?

Answer 26

heat, drying, radiation, chemicals

Question 27

what color do spores stain?

Answer 27

they don't. difficult to stain, clear

Question 28

Bacillus species are aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 28

aerobic

Question 29

Clostridium species aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 29

anaerobic

Question 30

endospores are formed by how many genes? takes how long? formed because? Formed in certain genus and species?

Answer 30

* 500 genes * 10 hours * lack of nutrition, bad environment * **Formed in certain genus and species such as Bacillus and Clostridium species

Question 31

spores are killed in autoclave at?

Answer 31

120oC for 20 min under 15 lb pressure

Question 32

what are the 4 layers of endospore?

Answer 32

Exosporium Coat Cortex Core wall

Question 33

Exosporium

Answer 33

outermost layer-lipoprotein membrane

Question 34

Coat

Answer 34

very stable keratinlike protein

Question 35

Cortex

Answer 35

thickest layer composed of peptidoglycan with fewer peptide crosslinks

Question 36

Core wall

Answer 36

peptidoglycan

Question 37

Small acid-soluble proteins of endospore | protect?

Answer 37

DNA of endospore from ultraviolet | radiation, desiccation, and dry heat and also serve as a carbon and energy source during germination

Question 38

dipicolinic acid

Answer 38

is unique to spores | *Spores contains a high amount of divalent calcium bound up by dipicolinic

Question 39

what is unique about spore pH?

Answer 39

is one unit lower than usual